Diagnosis of Female Genital Mutilation The diagnosis of female genital mutilation is typically made during a clinical examination, especially in contexts where survivors seek care for related complications. Female genital mutilation may also be identified during routine check-ups, maternity care, or when investigating symptoms like chronic pelvic pain or menstrual irregularities. Clinical Identification Healthcare professionals may recognise FGM through: Visual inspection of the external genitalia Patient disclosure, though many may be hesitant due to fear, stigma, or cultural pressure Medical history, including past surgeries, childbirth complications, or sexual pain Complications during gynaecological exams, such as narrow vaginal openings or scarring In some cases, children or adolescents may be referred by teachers, social workers, or school nurses who observe behavioural or physical signs suggesting they may have undergone FGM or be at risk. Types of FGM (WHO Classification) Diagnosing FGM also involves identifying the type: Understanding the type of FGM is essential for developing appropriate medical and psychological care plans. Screening in Migrant Populations In countries with low prevalence of FGM, healthcare systems may screen: Pregnant women from practising countries Girls at risk during safeguarding assessments New arrivals, as part of refugee health services These screenings are guided by ethical principles and patient consent. They must be done with sensitivity and respect for cultural context. Legal and Reporting Obligations In some countries, professionals have a legal duty to report known or suspected cases of FGM, especially in minors. Mandatory reporting laws are intended to protect children at risk but must be balanced with cultural sensitivity and patient trust. Documentation should: Use accurate, non-judgemental language Avoid making assumptions about intent or family dynamics Focus on the medical findings and any safeguarding concerns Diagnosis of Female Genital Mutilation The diagnosis of female genital mutilation is both a medical and social responsibility. Early recognition leads to better care, trauma-informed support, and potentially protects others from harm. [Next: Treatment and Support for Survivors →]