Gallstones are more common than many people realise—and understanding what causes them is key to preventing future complications. These small, hardened deposits form in the gallbladder, a small organ just beneath the liver that helps with digestion. But why do they form in the first place?
Types of Gallstones
There are two main types of gallstones:
- Cholesterol gallstones – the most common type, made primarily of hardened cholesterol.
- Pigment gallstones – smaller and darker, these are made of bilirubin, a substance produced from the breakdown of red blood cells.
Each type has different underlying causes, although some risk factors overlap.
Key Causes and Risk Factors
Several factors contribute to the formation of gallstones:
- Excess cholesterol in bile: If your liver secretes more cholesterol than your bile can dissolve, the excess may crystallise and form stones.
- Impaired gallbladder emptying: When the gallbladder doesn’t empty completely or often enough, bile can become concentrated and lead to stone formation.
- High levels of bilirubin: Conditions like liver disease or infections of the bile ducts can increase bilirubin, which may lead to pigment stones.
Who Is Most at Risk?
Certain groups are more prone to developing gallstones:
- Women, particularly those who are pregnant, using birth control, or on hormone therapy
- People over 40
- Individuals who are overweight or obese
- Those with a family history of gallstones
- People with rapid weight loss or fasting habits
- Individuals with diabetes or insulin resistance
A Global and Local Health Concern
Globally, gallstone disease is on the rise due to more sedentary lifestyles and poor diets. In South Africa, the increase in processed food consumption mirrors international trends, especially in urban communities, adding to the national burden of gallbladder-related conditions.
By recognising and managing these risk factors—through diet, exercise, and medical guidance—you can reduce your chances of developing gallstones and avoid the potential complications they may cause.
👉 Next: How Gallstones Are Diagnosed
Reviewed April 2025. Always consult a professional for individual guidance.
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