Complications of Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis can affect multiple organs. The complications of amyloidosis depend on which organs are involved. Left untreated, these complications can become life-threatening.
1. Heart Complications
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy – the heart walls become stiff, impairing the heart’s ability to fill and pump blood
- Heart failure – fluid overload, shortness of breath, and fatigue
- Arrhythmias – irregular heartbeats that may require pacemakers
Cardiac involvement is the most serious complication and a major cause of death in AL amyloidosis.
2. Kidney Complications
- Proteinuria – loss of protein in urine leading to swelling
- Nephrotic syndrome – low blood protein, high cholesterol, and swelling
- Kidney failure – may require dialysis or transplant
3. Nerve Damage (Peripheral Neuropathy)
- Numbness, tingling, and burning in hands or feet
- Poor coordination
- Weakness and mobility issues
In hereditary amyloidosis, nerve damage is often severe and disabling.
4. Liver and Gastrointestinal Involvement
- Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)
- Digestive problems – including constipation, diarrhoea, and poor absorption
- Unexplained weight loss
5. Bleeding Tendencies
Amyloid deposits in blood vessels may increase the risk of easy bruising or bleeding, especially in the skin or around the eyes.
6. Psychological Impact
- Depression due to chronic pain or disability
- Anxiety around prognosis or treatment plans
- Social withdrawal
Support groups and mental health services play a key role in holistic care.
Final Thoughts
Amyloidosis is complex but manageable, especially with early diagnosis, specialist care, and family support. Awareness is growing, and treatment options continue to improve globally and in South Africa.
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