Causes of Cirrhosis
Causes of cirrhosis are diverse, involving various diseases and behaviours that lead to long-term liver damage. While the liver is highly resilient and capable of self-repair, persistent inflammation or injury causes scarring that, over time, becomes irreversible. Understanding the causes of cirrhosis helps guide treatment and prevention strategies.
1. Chronic Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol-related liver disease is one of the most common causes of cirrhosis. Chronic alcohol intake inflames liver tissue, eventually resulting in fibrosis. Although not every heavy drinker develops cirrhosis, the risk is significantly elevated with long-term use, particularly when combined with poor nutrition.
2. Chronic Viral Hepatitis | Causes of Cirrhosis
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses are leading infectious causes of liver inflammation. If left untreated, they cause ongoing injury to liver cells. Over years or decades, this damage leads to cirrhosis and increases the risk of liver cancer.
3. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
NAFLD is increasingly recognised as a major cause of cirrhosis, especially in developed countries. Fat builds up in liver cells, often due to obesity, diabetes, or high cholesterol. In more aggressive cases, inflammation (NASH) develops, accelerating scarring and organ failure.
4. Autoimmune Hepatitis
This condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy liver cells. If not treated, chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. It often affects younger women and may be associated with other autoimmune disorders.
5. Genetic and Metabolic Disorders
Inherited diseases such as haemochromatosis (iron overload), Wilson’s disease (copper accumulation), and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency damage liver cells progressively. Early identification and management of these conditions can delay or prevent cirrhosis.
6. Bile Duct Disorders | Causes of Cirrhosis
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) cause chronic damage to the bile ducts, preventing bile from leaving the liver. The buildup of bile leads to scarring and liver failure.
7. Drug and Toxin Exposure
Prolonged use of certain medications — including methotrexate and amiodarone — or exposure to industrial toxins can contribute to chronic liver injury.
Recognising the causes of cirrhosis early enables targeted treatment and lifestyle modifications, improving long-term outcomes and reducing the need for transplantation.
[Next: Symptoms of Cirrhosis →]
