Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome
Symptoms of compartment syndrome vary depending on whether the condition is acute or chronic, but both share a central theme: increased pressure within a muscle compartment causing pain and functional impairment. Identifying compartment syndrome early—especially in acute cases—is critical to avoid permanent muscle or nerve damage.
Symptoms of Acute Compartment Syndrome
This form develops quickly and is often associated with trauma. Key symptoms include:
Severe, persistent pain: The pain often feels out of proportion to the injury and worsens over time.
Pain on passive stretching: Stretching the muscles within the affected compartment intensifies the discomfort.
Tingling or numbness: Caused by nerve compression, this can develop early and signal impending nerve damage.
Swelling and tightness: The affected limb may feel firm or hard to the touch.
Decreased sensation or motor weakness: In later stages, movement becomes limited or impossible.
Pale or shiny skin: In advanced cases, reduced blood flow alters skin colour and texture.
Absent or diminished pulse: Though rare, this may occur in very late stages and indicates critical circulation loss.
These symptoms usually appear within hours of the inciting event. Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency, and delays in treatment can lead to permanent disability or limb loss.
Chronic Compartment Syndrome Symptoms | Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome
This type develops gradually and is triggered by repetitive physical activity. Key features include:
Aching or burning pain during exercise
Tightness or cramping in the affected muscle group
Numbness or tingling that increases with exertion
Weakness or a feeling of heaviness in the limb
Swelling during activity that resolves with rest
Symptoms typically subside within minutes to hours after stopping activity. Unlike acute cases, chronic compartment syndrome is not life-threatening but can significantly impair athletic performance or physical comfort.
Recognising the symptoms of compartment syndrome—particularly early signs in trauma patients—can prevent long-term complications. Health professionals must differentiate these symptoms from similar conditions like deep vein thrombosis or shin splints to provide appropriate care.
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