Causes of Dandruff
Causes of dandruff are multi-faceted, involving both external triggers and internal imbalances within the skin of the scalp. While the condition appears simple on the surface, the underlying processes that lead to dandruff can be complex. Understanding the root causes is key to effective prevention and treatment.
Overgrowth of Yeast
One of the most common causes is the overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus called Malassezia, which lives on the scalp of most adults:
In some people, the immune system reacts abnormally to Malassezia, triggering inflammation and flaking
The fungus thrives in oily environments, which explains why dandruff is often worse in people with oily scalps
Seborrhoeic Dermatitis | Causes of Dandruff
This is a chronic form of eczema that affects the scalp and other oily areas such as the eyebrows, sides of the nose, and behind the ears:
Leads to redness, itching, and greasy yellow scales
Frequently mistaken for severe dandruff due to overlapping symptoms
Dry Skin
Conversely, dry scalp can also cause dandruff:
Common during winter months or in individuals who wash hair with hot water
Flakes from dry skin tend to be smaller and less oily than those caused by seborrhoeic dermatitis
Sensitivity to Hair Products (Contact Dermatitis)
Some people develop allergic reactions or irritation to certain shampoos, conditioners, or styling products:
Ingredients such as fragrances, alcohol, or preservatives may trigger a reaction
This can lead to inflammation and scaling that resembles dandruff
Infrequent Washing
Allowing oil and dead skin to build up on the scalp can worsen dandruff symptoms:
Not shampooing regularly allows excess sebum and dead skin to accumulate, providing a feeding ground for yeast
Hormonal and Immune System Factors
Hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, or stress can alter sebum production and immune responses
People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or neurological disorders like Parkinson’s, may have more severe dandruff
Genetic Predisposition | Causes of Dandruff
Some individuals are more prone to dandruff due to inherited traits, especially if they have a family history of seborrhoeic dermatitis or other skin conditions.
In conclusion, causes of dandruff range from fungal overgrowth to skin dryness, irritation from products, and underlying dermatological conditions. Identifying and addressing the specific cause in each person allows for targeted treatment and long-term relief.
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