Complications of Dislocated Shoulder
The complications of dislocated shoulder can vary depending on the severity of the injury, the speed of treatment, and whether the dislocation recurs. Although many people recover well, some may experience ongoing shoulder instability, chronic pain, or nerve damage. Proper management is vital to reduce the risk of long-term issues after a dislocated shoulder.
One of the most common complications is recurrent dislocation. After the initial injury, the ligaments and tissues around the shoulder may remain stretched or torn, reducing the joint’s ability to stay in place. This is particularly common in younger individuals and athletes who return to activity too quickly. Repeated dislocations can lead to progressive damage and weaken the shoulder further.
Another major complication is damage to cartilage and bone. During a dislocated shoulder, the humeral head may scrape against the socket, tearing the labrum (a ring of cartilage) or causing small fractures. Over time, this wear and tear can lead to shoulder arthritis, especially if left untreated. Cartilage injuries are difficult to heal and may require surgical repair.
Nerve damage is another risk, especially to the axillary nerve, which wraps around the shoulder joint. When this nerve is stretched or compressed during dislocation, it can cause numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness in the upper arm. While most nerve injuries are temporary, some can lead to long-term weakness if not identified and treated early.
Vascular injury is rare but serious. A dislocated shoulder can compress or tear nearby blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow to the arm. Symptoms such as coldness, paleness, or absence of a pulse require urgent medical attention. Older adults are more vulnerable to vascular complications due to reduced tissue elasticity.
Psychological complications are also worth noting. After a traumatic dislocation, some individuals develop a fear of re-injury or lose confidence in their shoulder’s stability. This can lead to activity avoidance, reduced physical fitness, and poor mental well-being. Support from physiotherapists and mental health professionals can help address these concerns.
Complications of Dislocated Shoulder
In South Africa, the complications are sometimes compounded by delayed access to specialist care or rehabilitation. Rural patients may receive emergency care for the dislocation but not the follow-up therapy needed to restore full function. Without guided rehab, the risk of long-term complications increases.
Surgical complications, such as infection, stiffness, or hardware failure, may occur in patients undergoing corrective procedures. However, these risks are generally low when surgeries are performed in accredited facilities and followed by proper rehabilitation.
Preventing the complications of dislocated shoulder involves early intervention, thorough rehabilitation, and attention to long-term joint health. With the right care, most individuals can return to their normal activities with minimal or no lasting effects.
