Causes of Eardrum Burst
The causes of eardrum burst are varied, but most involve trauma or infection that places too much pressure on the delicate tympanic membrane. Whether sudden or gradual, damage to the eardrum disrupts its ability to vibrate and conduct sound, leading to hearing loss and increased risk of infection.
One of the most common causes of eardrum burst is middle ear infection (otitis media). When fluid and pus build up behind the eardrum, the increasing pressure can cause the membrane to tear. This often results in sudden relief of ear pain, followed by fluid drainage.
Another frequent cause is barotrauma—pressure-related injury. Activities like flying, scuba diving, or rapid altitude change can affect the pressure inside the ear. If pressure isn’t equalised through yawning or swallowing, it can stretch the eardrum beyond its limit. Forceful nose blowing or using blocked nasal sprays incorrectly can also trigger this problem.
Direct trauma is another major factor. Sticking objects into the ear—such as cotton buds, hairpins, or fingernails—can puncture the eardrum. Children are especially at risk due to curiosity and improper ear-cleaning habits.
Sudden loud noises, including fireworks, gunfire, or explosions, may cause acoustic trauma. These pressure waves can rupture the eardrum instantly. This is sometimes seen in industrial or conflict zones, and in South Africa, fireworks-related injuries are common during holidays or festivals.
Head injuries that cause a skull fracture or impact the ear canal can also result in a perforated eardrum. In rare cases, tumours or surgical complications during ear procedures might cause similar damage.
Certain chronic skin conditions—like eczema or infections in the outer ear—may weaken the eardrum over time, making it more vulnerable to rupture even from mild trauma or pressure changes.
Causes of Eardrum Burst
In South African clinics, patients may not always report the true cause of injury, especially if related to domestic violence or accidents. This can delay diagnosis and treatment. Public education about safe ear care and seeking medical help for infections can reduce the incidence of perforated eardrums in local communities.
Understanding the causes of eardrum burst can help people take preventive steps. Avoiding ear trauma, treating infections promptly, and using proper technique during air travel or diving can significantly reduce the risk.
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