Complications of Eating Disorders
The complications of eating disorders can be severe and, in some cases, life-threatening. Because eating disorders affect nearly every system in the body, the longer they go untreated, the greater the risk of long-term damage. Physical, emotional, and social complications are all common—and recovery becomes more difficult when these issues are ignored.
One of the most serious complications is malnutrition. In anorexia nervosa, prolonged calorie restriction leads to extreme weakness, fatigue, anaemia, and organ damage. The body begins to break down muscle—including the heart—to maintain energy. This can result in slow heart rate, low blood pressure, and risk of heart failure.
Electrolyte imbalances are also common, especially in bulimia nervosa due to vomiting or laxative use. Low potassium and sodium levels can trigger irregular heart rhythms or seizures. In extreme cases, sudden cardiac arrest may occur.
Digestive problems are frequent. Constipation, bloating, acid reflux, and slowed digestion can all stem from disordered eating. Chronic vomiting damages the oesophagus and teeth. In binge-eating disorder, excess food intake may cause stomach pain, gallstones, or type 2 diabetes over time.
Bone density loss is a major concern. Low oestrogen levels, especially in people with anorexia, can lead to osteoporosis or osteopenia—even in teenagers. This raises the risk of fractures and long-term mobility issues.
Fertility
Fertility may be affected as well. Women with eating disorders often have irregular or absent periods due to hormone disruption. In men, low testosterone can affect libido and sperm production. Without treatment, these hormonal changes may become permanent.
Mental health complications are just as important. Depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviours, and self-harm are common in people with eating disorders. In some cases, suicidal thoughts or actions may occur—especially if the person feels trapped or hopeless about recovery.
Social isolation is another complication. Eating disorders often lead to withdrawal from friends, school, work, or family. Fear of eating in public, guilt, or body shame can prevent people from participating in daily life.
In South Africa, delayed diagnosis and stigma can increase the likelihood of complications. Many people seek help only when symptoms become unmanageable. Public awareness campaigns and better access to mental health services are urgently needed to prevent long-term harm.
Complications of Eating Disorders
Dental problems, weakened immune function, hair loss, and temperature sensitivity are additional signs that the body is under stress. In severe cases, the immune system weakens, making the person more vulnerable to infections.
The good news is that many of these complications are reversible with early intervention. Physical health can improve once nutritional balance is restored, and psychological symptoms can be managed through therapy.
Addressing the complications of eating disorders means treating the whole person—not just the behaviours. Medical care, counselling, and social support all play a role in full recovery. The earlier treatment begins, the better the outcome and the lower the risk of lasting damage.
