Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two main types of herpes simplex virus — HSV-1 and HSV-2 — and both can lead to genital herpes, although HSV-2 is more commonly associated with genital infections. HSV-1, typically known for causing cold sores around the mouth, can also cause genital infections through oral-genital contact.
Globally, genital herpes affects hundreds of millions of people, with many not realising they carry the virus. It can lie dormant in the body for years without producing symptoms, which makes it highly transmissible. Some individuals may never experience a noticeable outbreak, while others have recurring symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to painful sores in the genital area.
Despite its prevalence, genital herpes remains a condition surrounded by stigma and misinformation. In South Africa, where sexually transmitted infections are a public health concern, open discussion and accurate education about herpes are essential for reducing transmission and improving the lives of those affected. Understanding how the virus works, how it spreads, and how it can be managed is crucial for both prevention and emotional wellbeing.
Understanding the Virus
The herpes simplex virus enters the body through small breaks in the skin or mucous membranes. After the initial infection, it travels to nerve roots near the spine where it remains inactive, or “dormant,” for indefinite periods. The virus can become active again, particularly during times of stress, illness, or hormonal changes, leading to a new outbreak of symptoms.
HSV is incredibly efficient at spreading. It can be transmitted during sexual contact with someone who has an active outbreak, but it can also be passed on even when there are no visible symptoms — this is known as asymptomatic shedding. This is one reason why genital herpes is so common despite efforts to practise safe sex.
Who Is Affected?
Anyone who is sexually active can contract genital herpes, regardless of age, gender, or sexual orientation. However, certain factors increase risk:
Having multiple sexual partners
Not using barrier protection such as condoms or dental dams
Starting sexual activity at a young age
Having another STI, which may weaken local immune defences
Immunocompromised individuals (e.g., those with HIV) are more likely to experience severe or frequent outbreaks
It’s also worth noting that women are biologically more susceptible to genital herpes than men, due to the nature of vaginal tissue and its higher vulnerability to micro-tears during intercourse.
First Outbreak vs. Recurrences
The first outbreak of genital herpes is usually the most severe. It typically occurs within two to twelve days after exposure and may involve:
Painful sores or blisters in the genital or anal area
Swollen lymph nodes
Fever and flu-like symptoms
Itching, burning, or tingling sensations before sores appear
Difficulty urinating (especially in women)
Subsequent outbreaks tend to be milder and shorter in duration. Some people may only have one or two outbreaks in their lifetime, while others may experience several a year.
Emotional and Social Impact
One of the most challenging aspects of genital herpes is the emotional toll it can take. People often feel shame, guilt, or anxiety upon diagnosis. Many worry about rejection from future partners or feel a sense of damaged self-worth. These feelings are common but can be managed with counselling, education, and supportive communication.
It’s important to remember that genital herpes does not define a person’s value or desirability. With the right knowledge and approach, individuals with herpes can lead healthy, fulfilling lives — including satisfying sexual relationships and having children safely.
Is It Curable?
There is currently no cure for genital herpes, but antiviral medications can effectively control the condition. These treatments help:
Shorten the duration of outbreaks
Lessen the severity of symptoms
Reduce the risk of transmission to sexual partners
With proper management, most people with genital herpes experience long periods without symptoms and little disruption to their daily lives.
Genital Herpes
Understanding genital herpes as a manageable and common virus — rather than a moral failing — is key to reducing stigma and improving public health responses worldwide.
