Complications of Group B Strep
The complications of Group B Strep can be severe, particularly in newly borns and individuals with weak immune systems. While many adults carry the bacterium without issue, when infection occurs, the complications of Group B Strep may include long-term neurological damage, lung failure, organ dysfunction, or even death. Early recognition and treatment are essential to prevent or minimise these outcomes.
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections range from mild to critical. The risk of complications is highest in the first days of life for newly borns, particularly when the correct steps during labour are not taken. Similarly, older adults and patients with chronic illnesses face heightened danger from GBS once it becomes invasive.
Complications in Newborns
1. Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition where the body’s response to infection causes widespread inflammation, organ failure, or shock. In GBS-related neonatal sepsis:
The infection spreads rapidly through the bloodstream
Babies may develop low blood pressure, breathing problems, or poor circulation
Immediate intensive care and antibiotics are required
Risk of death is significant without treatment
2. Pneumonia
Pneumonia due to GBS causes:
Fluid buildup in the lungs
Laboured or rapid breathing
Low oxygen levels
While treatable, severe cases may require mechanical breathing and extensive hospitalisation.
3. Meningitis
Meningitis is more common in late-onset GBS and occurs when the bacteria reach the membranes around the brain and spinal cord. Complications include:
Seizures
Increased intracranial pressure
Brain swelling
Neurological damage
Death in severe or untreated cases
4. Long-Term Neurological Issues
Even with successful treatment, some babies develop:
Hearing loss
Cerebral palsy
Developmental delays
Learning difficulties
The severity depends on how quickly the infection was diagnosed and treated.
5. Death
Mortality from GBS in newborns ranges from 4–6% in high-resource settings and can be significantly higher in low-income regions without access to screening and care.
Complications in Pregnant Women
GBS infections during pregnancy may lead to:
Urinary tract infections that spread to the kidneys (pyelonephritis)
Chorioamnionitis, which can trigger preterm birth
Endometritis or wound infections after delivery
Sepsis, particularly after prolonged or complicated labour
In rare cases, infection may spread to the placenta, threatening both mother and baby.
Complications in Adults
Non-pregnant adults, especially those over 65 or with chronic illnesses, may experience:
1. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Can progress to necrotising fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
May require surgery or even amputation
Risk of recurrence is higher in diabetics
2. Urinary Tract Infections
Often benign but may ascend to cause kidney infections or enter the bloodstream
Repeated UTIs may cause long-term bladder problems
3. Osteomyelitis and Joint Infections
Bone infections can take weeks to resolve and may impair mobility
Septic arthritis requires surgical drainage and extended antibiotic therapy
4. Sepsis and Septic Shock
Leads to organ failure
Requires intensive care, fluids, and vasopressors
Mortality risk increases with age and underlying illness
5. Pneumonia
Particularly dangerous in older adults and those with lung disease
May be confused with viral or aspiration pneumonia, delaying treatment
Emotional and Psychological Impact
Parents of babies affected by GBS may experience:
Anxiety or depression after a NICU admission
Guilt or confusion, especially if they were unaware of GBS risks
Postnatal PTSD in cases involving emergency delivery or neonatal complications
Counselling and peer support can play a vital role in recovery.
Financial and Systemic Burdens
Complications from GBS:
Increase hospital stays and NICU admissions
Add pressure on overstretched healthcare systems
Lead to long-term medical needs for children with neurological sequelae
Prevention is cost-effective and reduces not only personal but societal burden.
Preventing Complications
Most complications are preventable with:
Screening and intrapartum antibiotics in pregnancy
Prompt treatment of suspected neonatal infections
Proper wound care and hygiene in high-risk adults
Vaccination development, which remains a top priority globally
Conclusion | Complications of Group B Strep
The complications of Group B Strep can be life-altering and, in some cases, fatal. From meningitis in newborns to sepsis in elderly adults, the burden of GBS disease underscores the need for vigilance, education, and prevention. By recognising the warning signs, implementing robust maternity care protocols, and developing future vaccines, healthcare providers can reduce the global impact of Group B Strep complications and safeguard the health of vulnerable populations.
