Head Lice
Head lice are tiny, wingless parasitic insects that live on the human scalp and feed on blood. Infestations are common, particularly among school-aged children, and are not a sign of poor hygiene or socioeconomic status. The condition caused by these parasites is known as pediculosis capitis. Head lice are highly contagious, spreading primarily through direct head-to-head contact, although sharing personal items such as combs, hats, or bedding can occasionally contribute.
Each adult louse is about the size of a sesame seed and can lay multiple eggs, known as nits, per day. These nits are attached firmly to the hair shaft near the scalp and hatch within 7 to 10 days. Newly hatched lice (nymphs) mature into adults over the next 9–12 days, continuing the cycle unless properly treated. Head lice survive for approximately 30 days on the scalp but usually die within one to two days without a host.
Although not dangerous or known to transmit disease, head lice can cause significant discomfort. The most common symptom is intense itching, triggered by an allergic reaction to louse saliva. Scratching can lead to secondary bacterial infections, scalp irritation, and disturbed sleep. The social stigma associated with lice infestation can also cause emotional distress, particularly in children.
Head Lice
Contrary to popular belief, head lice cannot jump or fly—they crawl. This means that transmission requires close contact, making environments like schools, nurseries, and sleepovers ideal for spread. While pets do not play a role in transmission, siblings or household members can easily become infested through shared living spaces and activities.
Head lice infestations are not restricted to any one demographic group and affect children and adults of all hair types. Girls tend to have higher rates of infestation, possibly due to more frequent close contact and longer hair. Regular screening and prompt treatment help minimise outbreaks and reduce the cycle of reinfestation common in group settings.
In most cases, head lice infestations are diagnosed visually by identifying live lice or nits close to the scalp. Comb-based methods using a fine-toothed louse comb are particularly effective for detection and should be used under good lighting. Nits located more than a centimetre from the scalp are often empty shells and not necessarily indicative of active infestation.
Head Lice
While head lice may cause alarm, they do not carry disease and are considered more of a nuisance than a health threat. Public health recommendations increasingly emphasise education and non-exclusion policies in schools to prevent unnecessary absenteeism and stigma.
