Depression isn’t the same for everyone; it shows up in various forms, each with its own set of symptoms and challenges. Knowing the different types can help make sense of why depression looks and feels different for everyone.
Here’s a look at some common types, their signs, and where to find support.
1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
What It Is
Major Depressive Disorder, or clinical depression, is marked by a continuous, overwhelming sadness that can impact nearly all areas of life. People with MDD often feel hopeless and lose interest in things they once enjoyed. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), it’s the leading cause of disability worldwide.
Common Symptoms
- Persistent sadness and emptiness
- Loss of interest in hobbies or activities
- Changes in sleep and appetite
- Low energy, even after rest
Treatment Options
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and antidepressants are typically effective in reducing symptoms, helping people regain interest in life.
2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
What It Is
Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia) is a type of chronic depression lasting two years or more. While it may not be as intense as MDD, it’s ongoing, making it difficult to feel fully happy or engaged.
Common Symptoms
- Constant low mood
- Fatigue and low energy
- Feelings of self-doubt or low self-worth
- Reduced interest in socialising
Treatment Options
Because it’s long-lasting, PDD is often managed with ongoing therapy, lifestyle adjustments, and sometimes medication to support daily functioning.
3. Atypical Depression
What It Is
Atypical Depression includes symptoms that are different from typical depression, such as a short-lived mood boost when something positive happens and strong sensitivity to rejection. Despite its name, it’s actually quite common.
Common Symptoms
- Temporary mood improvement with positive events
- Increased appetite or weight gain
- Excessive sleep and physical “heaviness”
- Sensitivity to criticism or rejection
Treatment Options
CBT and specific medications, such as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), have been shown to help manage atypical depression.
4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
What It Is
SAD is a type of depression that comes and goes with the seasons, usually starting in autumn or winter. Studies suggest that shorter daylight hours and reduced sunlight play a role in triggering it.
Common Symptoms
- Low energy and mood during colder months
- Trouble getting up in the morning
- Cravings for carbohydrates
- Feeling better as spring and summer return
Treatment Options
Light therapy (using a special lamp that mimics natural sunlight) can be very effective. Spending time outdoors and exercise can also help improve mood.
5. Bipolar Disorder (Depressive Episodes)
What It Is
Bipolar Disorder includes both manic (high-energy) and depressive (low-energy) phases. During the depressive phase, symptoms can resemble those of Major Depressive Disorder.
Common Symptoms of Depressive Episodes
- Intense feelings of sadness and despair
- Trouble focusing and making decisions
- Extreme changes in energy levels
Treatment Options
People with bipolar disorder often use a combination of mood stabilisers, therapy, and support to manage both their depressive and manic phases.
6. Postpartum Depression (PPD)
What It Is
PPD is a type of depression that affects some new parents, particularly mothers, after childbirth. It’s more severe and long-lasting than the common “baby blues,” and it can affect bonding with the baby.
Common Symptoms
- Sadness, irritability, or feeling emotionally numb
- Difficulty bonding with the baby
- Fatigue, even after adequate sleep
- Feelings of inadequacy as a parent
Treatment Options
Therapy and support groups tailored for new parents are often recommended for those experiencing PPD, as well as resources specifically for postnatal mental health.
7. Psychotic Depression
What It Is
Psychotic Depression is a severe form that combines depression symptoms with psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, often tied to negative self-beliefs.
Common Symptoms
- Intense sadness, similar to MDD
- Hallucinations or irrational beliefs
- Paranoia or unwarranted fears
Treatment Options
Psychotic Depression is usually treated with a combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications. For severe cases, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) may be recommended.
8. Situational Depression (Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood)
What It Is
Situational depression is a reaction to a specific life event, such as a major change or loss. Although often temporary, it can still have a serious impact on daily life.
Common Symptoms
- Low mood tied to a particular life event
- Trouble focusing or sleeping
- Emotional stress related to a specific situation
Treatment Options
Therapy can be especially helpful for situational depression, offering ways to process the change and build coping tools.
Finding Support
Depression shows up differently for everyone, and recognising the distinct types can be a valuable step in understanding what may be happening within yourself or a loved one. Each form of depression brings its own challenges, which highlights the importance of seeking tailored support. Effective treatments can range from therapy and medication to lifestyle adjustments, with the most effective approach often blending these options to suit individual needs.
If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms, reaching out to a mental health professional can make a meaningful difference.
- The South African Depression and Anxiety Group (SADAG)
Helpline: 0800 12 13 14 (24-hour support)
Suicide Helpline: 0800 567 567 - Lifeline South Africa
Helpline: 0861 322 322 - Suicide Crisis Helpline
Helpline: 0800 567 567
Mental Matters is a resource and information platform. We do not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. While the information on our website is for general awareness and support, it should not replace professional advice. For any mental health concerns, please consult a qualified healthcare or mental health professional.
