Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that affects how people perceive the world around them and how they communicate and connect with others. It’s called a “spectrum” because it manifests differently for each person—some might need significant support, while others can lead independent lives.
Spotting the early signs of autism can make a world of difference, helping parents and caregivers provide the right support early on.
What is Autism?
Autism is typically characterised by differences in communication, social interactions, and behaviour. The signs often appear in early childhood, and while some children may show signs as early as 18 months, others may not be diagnosed until later.
Early diagnosis is essential because it opens the door to early interventions, which can significantly improve a child’s ability to develop critical skills and thrive.
Why It’s Important to Watch Out for the Early Signs
Catching the signs of autism early means children can access therapies and support at a time when their brains are most flexible. It doesn’t “cure” autism—it helps children develop important skills like communication, social interaction, and managing behaviours that might otherwise make life more difficult for them and their families.
The earlier these supports are put in place, the more likely a child will build the foundation for future learning, growth, and independence.
Early Signs of Autism: What to Look Out For
Autism can show up differently in each child, but there are some common signs to look out for, particularly around social interaction, communication, and behaviour. If you notice these signs, it’s a good idea to speak to a healthcare professional.
Here’s what you can keep an eye on:
1. Challenges with Social Interaction
Children with autism might find it harder to engage with others or show less interest in social activities than their peers. Some signs include:
- Limited or no eye contact: Babies usually make eye contact with people, but children with autism might avoid looking at faces or struggle to hold eye contact.
- Not responding to their name: By around 12 months, most babies will turn or respond when you call their name. Children with autism may not, even if they seem to hear other sounds.
- Preferring to play alone: Some children with autism may not show interest in playing with others, preferring solitary play or playing in a repetitive way (like lining up toys).
- Not sharing interests or achievements: Young children usually point out interesting things or seek to show their achievements, like a completed puzzle or a toy. Children with autism may not do this as much.
2. Communication Difficulties
Many children with autism experience delays or difficulties in communication. This can show up in both verbal and non-verbal ways:
- Speech delays: If a child isn’t babbling by 12 months, or speaking single words by 16 months, this can be a sign. Some children with autism may develop speech later or may struggle to use language in a typical way.
- Unusual speech patterns: Some children may repeat words or phrases (known as echolalia) or speak in a monotone or sing-song voice. They may not use words to communicate effectively in back-and-forth conversation.
- Lack of gestures: Babies and toddlers usually use gestures like pointing, waving, or shaking their heads. If these gestures are missing, it could be a sign of autism.
- Difficulty following simple instructions: If a child doesn’t respond to simple requests like “come here” or “give me the toy” by around 18 months, this might signal a communication issue.
3. Repetitive or Restrictive Behaviours
Many children with autism show repetitive behaviours or have very focused interests. These might include:
- Hand flapping, spinning, or rocking: These repetitive movements (often called “stimming”) are common. They might help children manage sensory overload or express excitement.
- Rigid routines and distress over changes: A child with autism might have a strong need for routine and become upset by even small changes, such as taking a different route home.
- Highly focused interests: A child may become intensely focused on one particular topic, toy, or activity. This interest can dominate their time and conversations.
- Unusual reactions to sensory input: Sensitivity to lights, sounds, textures, or smells is common. For example, they might cover their ears to block out loud noises or avoid certain fabrics because of how they feel.
4. Developmental Delays
Some children with autism experience delays in motor skills or other areas of development:
- Delayed walking or coordination issues: Some children may walk later or struggle with balance and coordination.
- Limited pretend play: By around 18 months, most children start engaging in pretend play, like feeding a doll or using objects as symbols. Children with autism might struggle with imaginative play or focus more on repetitive activities.
When Should You Be Concerned?
If you notice any of these signs in your child, especially if they persist over time, it’s worth speaking to a health professional. Keep in mind that every child develops at their own pace, and not all children showing these behaviours will have autism. However, getting a professional opinion can help clarify any concerns and guide you on what steps to take next.
How is Autism Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of autism involves several steps and is often carried out by specialists such as developmental paediatricians or child psychologists. Here’s what to expect:
- Developmental Screening: A healthcare provider will ask questions about your child’s development, behaviour, and social skills, and observe them during play or interaction.
- Comprehensive Evaluation: If any concerns arise, a more detailed evaluation may follow. This can include tests, observations, and interviews with parents to understand the child’s developmental history.
- Assessments for Related Conditions: Some children with autism also have related conditions, like anxiety or ADHD, which specialists will also evaluate.
The Importance of Early Intervention
The earlier autism is diagnosed, the sooner children can benefit from early intervention programmes. These programmes, designed for toddlers and young children, can significantly improve social, communication, and learning skills. Some of the most common interventions include:
- Speech therapy: Helps children improve communication skills, both verbal and non-verbal.
- Occupational therapy: Supports children in managing sensory sensitivities and developing fine motor skills, such as using utensils or holding a pencil.
- Behavioural therapies: These aim to reduce challenging behaviours and teach new skills using positive reinforcement. Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) is one of the most widely used therapies for children with autism.
Autism presents itself in many different ways, and it can sometimes be tricky to distinguish between normal childhood behaviours and potential early signs of autism. If you have concerns about your child’s development, it’s always worth discussing them with a healthcare professional.
Early diagnosis and support can help children with autism develop the skills they need to navigate the world and reach their full potential. Trust your instincts, and remember, you’re not alone—there are plenty of resources and professionals ready to support both you and your child.
By knowing what signs to look out for and seeking help early on, you can make a positive difference in your child’s life, opening up opportunities for growth, learning, and a brighter future.
Mental Matters is a resource and information platform. We do not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. While the information on our website is for general awareness and support, it should not replace professional advice. For any mental health concerns, please consult a qualified healthcare or mental health professional.
