Bladder Cancer Overview
Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lining of the organ, which is responsible for storing urine. It most commonly begins in the urothelium, a layer of cells lining the inside of the bladder. This condition can range from non-invasive tumours, which remain in the lining, to invasive types that spread into the deeper bladder wall and beyond.
This type of cancer is more common in older adults, particularly men over 55, but it can occur at any age. Worldwide, this is is among the top 10 most common cancers, with smoking being the leading risk factor. In South Africa, the incidence is lower than in Western countries but still significant, especially among urban populations and industrial workers.
Key symptoms of bladder cancer:
- Blood in the urine (haematuria) – often the first noticeable sign. It may appear red or rusty, or only be detected under a microscope.
- Frequent urination
- Pain or burning during urination
- Pelvic or lower back pain in advanced cases
This cancer is often detected early because of these urinary symptoms, which makes early diagnosis and treatment possible in many cases.
There are three main types:
- Urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma) – the most common type.
- Squamous cell carcinoma – linked to chronic bladder irritation or infections.
- Adenocarcinoma – a rare type, making up a small percentage of cases.
Risk factors include:
- Smoking (accounts for more than 50% of cases)
- Exposure to industrial chemicals (dyes, rubber, paint, etc.)
- Chronic urinary infections or inflammation
- Family history of bladder or other urothelial cancers
- Age and gender (more common in men)
While bladder cancer can be highly treatable when caught early, it often recurs, requiring lifelong follow-up. Invasive cases can spread to the kidneys, liver, lungs, or bones.
👉 [Next: Causes and Risk Factors of Bladder Cancer]
