Causes and Risk Factors of Bipolar Disorder
The exact causes and risk factors of bipolar disorder remain unknown, but research points to a combination of genetic, biochemical, and environmental influences. It is not caused by a single event, but certain factors increase the risk of developing the condition or triggering an episode.
1. Genetics and family history
- Bipolar disorder tends to run in families.
- A person with a parent or sibling with bipolar disorder has a higher risk of developing it.
- However, no single “bipolar gene” has been identified.
2. Brain structure and chemistry
- Brain imaging studies show differences in the size and activity of certain brain regions in people with bipolar disorder.
- Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are believed to play a role.
3. Environmental and psychological stressors
- Trauma, especially in childhood (e.g. abuse, loss of a parent, neglect), may increase vulnerability.
- Major life changes, such as childbirth, job loss, or relationship breakdowns, can trigger episodes.
- Substance abuse, especially stimulants or alcohol, can worsen symptoms or precipitate mood swings.
4. Sleep disturbances
- Irregular sleep patterns, especially lack of sleep, are known to trigger manic episodes.
- People with bipolar disorder are often sensitive to changes in sleep cycles.
5. Co-existing conditions
- Many individuals with bipolar disorder also experience anxiety, ADHD, or substance use disorders.
- These can complicate diagnosis and treatment.
In South Africa, social challenges such as poverty, violence, stigma, and limited access to consistent mental health care can increase both the risk and severity of bipolar disorder. Many people go undiagnosed or are mislabelled as “moody,” “possessed,” or “difficult,” particularly in rural or under-resourced settings.
Causes and Risk Factors of Bipolar Disorder
Understanding the causes helps reduce blame and improve empathy — bipolar disorder is a brain illness, not a behavioural choice.
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