Causes of Catarrh
Causes of catarrh generally stem from inflammation in the mucous membranes that line the nose, throat, and sinuses. When these membranes become irritated, they produce more mucus than usual, leading to congestion and the classic symptoms associated with catarrh. Understanding the underlying cause is essential for effective treatment, especially in chronic or recurrent cases.
The most common cause is a viral infection. During a cold or the flu, the body responds to the virus by inflaming nasal tissues and increasing mucus production. This is a protective mechanism, but it often results in blocked or dripping nasal passages, postnasal drip, and throat discomfort. In most cases, this type of catarrh clears up within a week or two.
Causes of Catarrh
Allergies are another major contributor. In people with allergic rhinitis or hay fever, the immune system overreacts to harmless substances like pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or mould. This immune response causes inflammation and mucus build-up. Unlike infections, allergy-related catarrh can be seasonal or year-round, depending on the trigger.
Environmental irritants like smoke, pollution, perfumes, or chemical fumes can also lead to catarrh. These substances irritate the nasal lining, particularly in individuals with sensitive airways, and can cause persistent symptoms if exposure continues.
Sinusitis, both acute and chronic, can cause long-term catarrh. Inflammation of the sinus cavities leads to poor drainage and trapped mucus, which can thicken and become infected. This is often accompanied by facial pain, pressure, and a reduced sense of smell.
Other causes include gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), where stomach acid reaches the throat and irritates the upper airways. This type of catarrh often occurs in the morning and is commonly mistaken for sinus-related issues.
Causes of Catarrh
Structural problems such as a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, or enlarged adenoids can obstruct normal mucus drainage and result in chronic catarrh. These conditions may require surgical correction if they cause persistent symptoms.
In some cases, the cause of catarrh is idiopathic, meaning no specific underlying problem is identified. In these cases, treatment focuses on symptom relief and lifestyle management.
Identifying the causes of catarrh helps healthcare providers recommend the most appropriate interventions — from antihistamines and nasal sprays to surgery in more severe cases.
