Causes of Cervical Cancer
Causes of cervical cancer are closely linked to long-term infection with high-risk types of HPV, a sexually transmitted virus that affects nearly all sexually active individuals at some point. However, not all HPV infections lead to cervical cancer, and several other risk factors influence its development.
1. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Persistent infection with high-risk strains of HPV — particularly types 16 and 18 — is the leading cause of cervical cancer. The virus interferes with cell DNA and can lead to uncontrolled cell growth in the cervix. Most HPV infections are cleared naturally by the immune system, but when they persist, they may cause precancerous changes.
2. Smoking
Women who smoke are twice as likely to develop cervical cancer. Tobacco by-products can damage cervical cells and impair immune function, making it harder for the body to clear HPV infections.
3. Weakened Immune System | Causes of Cervical Cancer
Conditions like HIV/AIDS or the use of immunosuppressive medications (e.g., after organ transplantation) increase susceptibility to HPV infection and reduce the body’s ability to stop abnormal cell changes.
4. Early Sexual Activity and Multiple Partners
Starting sexual activity at a young age or having multiple sexual partners increases the likelihood of HPV exposure. This is not about judgment — it simply increases the chance of encountering the virus, especially if partners have also had previous exposure.
5. Long-Term Use of Oral Contraceptives
Some studies suggest that using birth control pills for more than five years may slightly increase cervical cancer risk. The exact reason is unclear, but hormonal changes might make cervical tissue more vulnerable to HPV.
6. Not Attending Screening | Causes of Cervical Cancer
Women who do not undergo routine cervical screening (Pap tests or HPV tests) are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Screening identifies abnormal cells early, often before they turn into cancer.
Understanding the causes of cervical cancer empowers individuals to take proactive steps in prevention — including vaccination, regular screening, and lifestyle changes. These measures drastically reduce the risk of ever developing the disease.
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