Causes of Deafness
Causes of deafness vary depending on whether the condition is congenital or acquired. Understanding the underlying cause of deafness is essential for determining the best course of treatment or intervention. While some causes are genetic or present at birth, others arise later due to environmental factors, illness, or trauma.
Congenital Causes
These causes are present at birth and may be due to:
Genetic factors, either inherited or caused by a spontaneous mutation. More than 50% of congenital deafness cases are genetic
Birth complications, including lack of oxygen or premature delivery
Maternal infections during pregnancy, such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis, which can damage the developing auditory system
Low birth weight or neonatal jaundice, particularly when untreated, may also impact hearing
Acquired Causes
These occur after birth and include:
Chronic ear infections (otitis media), especially if untreated, can lead to conductive hearing loss
Prolonged exposure to loud noise, such as music concerts, industrial machinery, or personal audio devices, can damage the hair cells in the inner ear
Ageing (presbycusis) is a common cause of gradual hearing loss, often beginning around age 60
Ototoxic medications, including some antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs, may damage the inner ear
Head trauma or skull fractures that affect the auditory nerve or structures of the ear
Viral infections, such as mumps or meningitis, that affect hearing structures or nerves
Other Medical Conditions
Autoimmune disorders that cause inflammation of the inner ear
Acoustic neuroma, a non-cancerous tumour that compresses the auditory nerve
Ménière’s disease, a disorder affecting the inner ear’s balance and hearing
Preventable Factors | Causes of Deafness
Many acquired causes are preventable with proper education and intervention:
Use of hearing protection in loud environments
Vaccinations to prevent infections like mumps and rubella
Prompt treatment of ear infections and chronic illnesses
In conclusion, causes of deafness are diverse, ranging from genetic conditions to environmental and medical factors. Identifying the cause is crucial to choosing appropriate treatment and support strategies.
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