Causes of Diabetes
Causes of diabetes differ depending on the type of condition. While diabetes is broadly characterised by high blood sugar levels due to insulin issues, the underlying causes involve genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Understanding these causes is essential for prevention, early diagnosis, and effective management.
Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune reaction causes the body’s immune system to attack the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas
This results in little to no insulin production
The exact cause is unclear, but genetics and viral infections may play a role
Typically appears in childhood or adolescence, but can develop in adults (LADA)
Type 2 Diabetes
Caused by insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin
The pancreas initially compensates by producing more insulin, but over time it can’t keep up
Strongly associated with:
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Unhealthy diet
Family history of diabetes
Ageing and ethnic background (higher prevalence in African, South Asian, and Caribbean populations)
Gestational Diabetes
Occurs during pregnancy when hormones interfere with insulin function
Most common in women with a family history of diabetes, overweight individuals, or those over 25
Usually temporary but increases future risk of Type 2 diabetes
Other Causes of Diabetes
Pancreatic diseases, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, can impair insulin production
Certain medications, including steroids, antipsychotics, and immunosuppressants, can cause secondary diabetes
Hormonal disorders, such as Cushing’s syndrome, can also contribute
Risk Factors Across All Types
Genetic predisposition plays a significant role
Environmental triggers, such as viral infections or stress, may initiate autoimmune processes
Modifiable factors—diet, weight, and exercise—are especially relevant in Type 2
In conclusion, causes of diabetes range from genetic and autoimmune to lifestyle-related and environmental. While some risk factors are unavoidable, many cases—particularly Type 2—can be prevented or delayed through healthier habits.
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