Causes of Dislocated Shoulder
The causes of dislocated shoulder injuries are varied, but most involve sudden trauma or excessive force applied to the shoulder joint. The shoulder’s mobility makes it vulnerable to being forced beyond its natural limits, especially during high-impact or awkward movements. A common cause of dislocated shoulder is falling directly onto an outstretched hand or elbow, which transmits force to the shoulder and forces the humeral head out of the socket.
Contact sports, such as rugby, American football, and hockey, are leading contributors to shoulder dislocations. A heavy tackle or fall can easily dislodge the joint. Non-contact sports like gymnastics, swimming, and volleyball can also be involved, particularly when athletes land awkwardly or overstretch the shoulder. In South Africa, rugby and soccer-related shoulder injuries are widespread, particularly among school-age athletes.
Vehicle accidents and workplace injuries are also well-documented causes of dislocated shoulder events. A sudden jolt, a fall from height, or being struck by a heavy object can dislocate the joint. In mining, agriculture, and construction industries—common sectors in South Africa—the physical demands and risk of falls or accidents make shoulder dislocations a regular occurrence.
Some individuals are more prone to shoulder dislocation due to anatomical factors. These include naturally loose ligaments, a shallow socket, or previous injury to the shoulder joint. Recurrent dislocations are often seen in people who had their first dislocated shoulder in adolescence or early adulthood. The supporting structures never fully recover, leading to increased vulnerability.
Genetics may also contribute. People with conditions such as hypermobility syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or connective tissue disorders are more likely to suffer joint dislocations, including at the shoulder. Their ligaments are more elastic, and joints are more prone to instability.
Causes of Dislocated Shoulder
Poor conditioning or muscle weakness can also play a role. Weak shoulder muscles may not offer enough support during physical activities, allowing the joint to slip out. Additionally, improper lifting techniques or sudden movements in gym environments are common risk factors.
In older adults, dislocated shoulder injuries are often due to simple falls. As bone density decreases with age, the risk of fractures or dislocations increases even with low-impact trauma. In South Africa, where uneven pathways and unsafe stairwells are common in some urban and rural areas, elderly individuals may be at higher risk for shoulder injuries during everyday activities.
Understanding the causes of dislocated shoulder can help prevent future injuries. Whether through proper training, workplace safety, or strengthening exercises, addressing risk factors reduces the chances of dislocation and improves joint stability.
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