Causes of Early Menopause
The causes of early menopause are wide-ranging. Some are genetic, while others are related to medical treatments, surgeries, or underlying health conditions. In some cases, no clear cause is found, making the experience even more confusing for affected women. Understanding these causes can help guide diagnosis, management, and future planning.
One major cause is primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). This condition occurs when the ovaries stop working properly before age 40. The ovaries may stop releasing eggs and producing hormones long before menopause would normally begin. POI can happen for unknown reasons or may be linked to autoimmune disorders, where the immune system attacks the ovarian tissue.
Genetics also plays a role. Women with a family history of early menopause are more likely to experience it themselves. Certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Turner syndrome or fragile X syndrome, are also known contributors. Genetic testing may be considered if early menopause runs in the family.
Medical treatments are another major factor. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, particularly when directed at the pelvic area, can damage ovarian tissue. Women undergoing cancer treatment at a young age often face early menopause as a side effect. Some may choose to freeze eggs before treatment to preserve fertility.
Oophorectomy
Surgical removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) causes immediate menopause, regardless of age. This is often done for conditions such as ovarian cysts, endometriosis, or cancer. Even hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) can lead to earlier menopause, especially if blood supply to the ovaries is disrupted during surgery.
Autoimmune diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may also trigger early menopause. These conditions can cause inflammation or damage to the ovaries. Infections like mumps or tuberculosis, although rare, have also been linked to early ovarian failure.
Environmental factors and lifestyle may contribute as well. Smoking is a known risk factor—it damages the ovaries and reduces oestrogen production. Poor nutrition, extreme stress, and exposure to certain chemicals (like endocrine disruptors found in plastics and pesticides) may also increase risk.
Causes of Early Menopause
In South Africa, women in rural or underserved areas may not be aware of the link between lifestyle, illness, and reproductive health. As a result, early menopause may go unrecognised or untreated, especially when symptoms like fatigue, irregular periods, or mood changes are misattributed to other causes.
Identifying the causes of early menopause is important not only for managing current symptoms but also for addressing long-term health risks. Low hormone levels can affect bone density, heart health, and mental well-being—making early detection and appropriate support crucial.
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