Causes of Fibromyalgia The causes of fibromyalgia are not fully understood, but researchers believe it results from a combination of genetic, neurological, psychological, and environmental factors. Fibromyalgia is thought to involve abnormal pain processing in the brain and spinal cord, leading to heightened sensitivity to pain, touch, and temperature. Nervous System Dysregulation People with fibromyalgia may have: Increased levels of certain neurotransmitters, like substance P, which amplify pain signals Decreased pain-inhibiting chemicals, such as serotonin and dopamine Overactive pain pathways, where even mild stimuli are perceived as painful This altered central nervous system response is known as central sensitisation, a key theory in fibromyalgia research. Triggers and Risk Factors While fibromyalgia doesn’t have a clear cause, several known triggers may lead to its onset: Physical trauma, such as a car accident or surgery Viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus or influenza Emotional stress or trauma, especially in early life Chronic illness, like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis Hormonal imbalances, particularly around menopause Not everyone who experiences these triggers will develop fibromyalgia, suggesting a genetic or biological predisposition is also involved. Genetic Factors Fibromyalgia may run in families: First-degree relatives of people with fibromyalgia have a higher risk Certain genetic markers related to pain sensitivity and mood regulation have been identified This supports the idea that fibromyalgia is a multifactorial condition involving both inherited and acquired influences. Sleep Disturbances Poor-quality sleep appears to play a role in triggering or worsening symptoms: People with fibromyalgia often have non-restorative sleep Sleep disorders like sleep apnoea or restless leg syndrome are common in fibromyalgia patients Lack of deep sleep may worsen pain perception, fatigue, and cognitive problems Psychological Stress | Causes of Fibromyalgia Ongoing stress, anxiety, or depression may contribute to symptom severity Emotional trauma, such as abuse or grief, has been linked to the onset of symptoms While fibromyalgia is not a mental illness, mental health plays an important role in managing the condition Understanding the causes of fibromyalgia helps healthcare providers tailor treatments and encourage self-care practices that reduce flare-ups and improve wellbeing. [Next: Symptoms of Fibromyalgia →]