Causes of Fungal Nail Infection
The causes of fungal nail infection are rooted in the growth of fungi in or under the nail. Fungal nail infection is often triggered when microscopic fungi called dermatophytes, yeasts, or moulds invade the nail bed or nail plate and thrive in a warm, moist environment.
Fungal Organisms Involved
Dermatophytes – the most common cause; these fungi feed on keratin in the nails
Yeasts – particularly Candida, more often affecting fingernails
Non-dermatophyte moulds – less common but still capable of causing nail infection
These fungi are found in the environment, including soil, showers, swimming pools, gyms, and even inside shoes.
Risk Factors
Certain conditions increase the risk of developing a fungal nail infection:
Walking barefoot in communal areas – gyms, public pools, saunas
Wearing tight or poorly ventilated shoes – promotes sweat and fungal growth
Nail trauma – cracks or injuries to the nail create entry points for fungi
Excessive sweating – especially on the feet
Poor foot hygiene – including not drying feet properly or wearing the same socks/shoes repeatedly
Medical Conditions That Contribute
Diabetes – reduced blood flow and higher sugar levels can increase susceptibility
Peripheral vascular disease – impairs circulation in the lower limbs
Weakened immune system – due to illness or medication
Psoriasis or other skin conditions – increase nail vulnerability
Spread from Athlete’s Foot
A common source of toenail infection is untreated athlete’s foot (tinea pedis), which often spreads from the skin between the toes into the nail bed. Addressing both conditions simultaneously is crucial to preventing recurrence.
Age and Lifestyle Factors
Incidence increases with age, particularly after 60
Nail infections are more likely in men than women
People who frequently use communal showers or have occupations involving water are at higher risk
Causes of Fungal Nail Infection
Understanding the causes of fungal nail infection helps individuals take steps to avoid exposure and reduce their risk through good hygiene, protective footwear, and early treatment of related conditions.
