Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia – Overview
Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a slow-growing cancer of the bone marrow and blood that primarily affects adults. Although this leukaemia (CML) may initially develop with few or no symptoms. It is a serious condition that, if left untreated, can progress to more aggressive phases resembling acute leukaemia. It represents approximately 15% of all adult leukaemias and most commonly occurs in individuals aged 50 to 70.
CML begins in the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. A genetic mutation occurs in a stem cell, producing an abnormal chromosome known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This mutation creates a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. Which produces a protein that promotes the uncontrolled growth of white blood cells. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bloodstream and bone marrow, interfering with the production of healthy blood cells.
CML typically progresses through three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis. Most individuals are diagnosed during the chronic phase, which is the most stable and easiest to treat. Without effective management, the disease may evolve into the accelerated phase and eventually a blast crisis. Furthermore, it resembles acute leukaemia with a poorer prognosis.
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Thanks to advances in molecular biology, particularly the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), CML is now considered a highly treatable disease. Many people live long and healthy lives with CML, often experiencing long-term remission and normal life expectancy when diagnosed early and treated properly.
In summary, this condition is a genetically driven blood cancer that can be effectively managed with modern targeted therapies. Early diagnosis and continuous monitoring are essential for achieving the best possible outcomes.
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