Complications and Long-Term Outlook of AKI
Complications and Long-Term Outlook of AKI can cause life-threatening complications when not identified and treated early. AKI, also known as acute renal failure, disrupts the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and manage fluid and electrolyte balance. This sudden breakdown in function places major stress on the body and can affect multiple organs within hours or days.
If left unmanaged, AKI may lead to the following complications:
- Fluid overload, which causes swelling, high blood pressure, and fluid build-up in the lungs
- Hyperkalemia, or dangerously high potassium levels, which can trigger irregular heartbeats or cardiac arrest
- Metabolic acidosis, which causes acid to accumulate in the blood and disrupt cellular function
- Increased infection risk, particularly in hospitalised patients or those with weakened immune systems
- Permanent kidney damage, especially when AKI is severe or recurrent
- Dialysis dependence, if kidney function fails to recover
- Multi-organ failure, a critical situation requiring intensive care
Individuals with underlying health conditions such as HIV, diabetes, high blood pressure, or existing kidney disease face an elevated risk. In many parts of South Africa, where specialist care may be limited, patients in rural areas are especially vulnerable to complications from Acute Kidney Injury.
Long-Term Outlook
Early diagnosis and active management improve the chances of full recovery from Acute Kidney Injury. Many patients regain normal kidney function if healthcare providers act quickly. However, delayed care or repeated episodes can result in chronic kidney disease (CKD). A small percentage of patients may require ongoing dialysis or remain at risk of future kidney injury.
Follow-Up Care
To reduce the long-term impact of AKI, patients need:
- Routine blood tests to monitor creatinine and GFR
- Control of underlying conditions like hypertension or diabetes
- Guidance on staying hydrated and eating kidney-friendly foods
- Avoidance of over-the-counter painkillers and nephrotoxic drugs
Improving post-discharge monitoring and referral systems in South Africa remains critical to reducing the long-term consequences of AKI.
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