Complications of Albinism
Although albinism does not worsen over time, there are a number of complications that can arise without proper care and social support.
Vision Problems
One of the most common and long-term issues is vision impairment. Without the normal development of the retina and optic nerves, people with albinism may experience:
- Legal blindness
- Difficulty with depth perception
- Reduced clarity at both near and far distances
While these problems are stable over time, they can significantly impact learning, employment, and daily function if left unaddressed.
Skin Cancer Risk
Due to the lack of melanin, the skin is highly susceptible to sunburn and UV-related damage. If sun protection is not prioritised, this can lead to:
- Sunburns in early childhood
- Premature ageing of the skin
- Increased risk of skin cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma
In South Africa, this is a major concern given the high UV index in many provinces.
Social Discrimination
Perhaps one of the most serious complications in parts of the world — including sub-Saharan Africa — is social discrimination and violence. Misconceptions and superstitions have led to attacks, especially in rural areas where harmful beliefs about the magical properties of albino body parts still persist.
Even in urban settings, people with albinism may face:
- Bullying at school
- Job discrimination
- Social isolation
- Psychological trauma
These impacts can be just as debilitating as any medical condition and require systemic social change through education, awareness campaigns, and strong legal protections.
Mental Health Effects
The chronic strain of visual challenges, sun avoidance, and social exclusion can contribute to mental health issues, including anxiety and depression. Counselling and peer support groups can help foster resilience and self-confidence.
With proper care, advocacy, and social acceptance, most people with albinism live full, rewarding lives. But sustained public education and access to resources remain essential.
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