Complications of Diarrhoea
Although diarrhoea is usually a short-term inconvenience, it can lead to serious complications if not treated correctly. The most common and dangerous complication is dehydration. When the body loses more fluid than it takes in, it becomes harder for organs to function properly. In severe cases, dehydration can become life-threatening, especially in babies, young children, and elderly individuals.
In South Africa, where access to clean water and healthcare can vary widely, dehydration from diarrhoea remains a leading cause of childhood death. Symptoms like dry mouth, sunken eyes, rapid heartbeat, or reduced urination should be taken seriously and addressed immediately with oral rehydration or hospital care if necessary.
Another complication is electrolyte imbalance. When someone has diarrhoea, the body loses not only water but also vital salts such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. This imbalance can affect muscle function, heart rhythm, and nerve signals. In some cases, especially in those with underlying health conditions, this can lead to seizures or heart complications.
Frequent or long-term diarrhoea can also lead to malnutrition. The body may not absorb nutrients properly, leading to weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. Children with chronic diarrhoeal diseases may experience stunted growth and developmental delays. In adults, it can contribute to anaemia or immune system issues.
Complications of Diarrhoea
For individuals with chronic illnesses like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), repeated bouts of diarrhoea may cause intestinal damage. This can result in bleeding, abscesses, or even bowel obstruction. Those with weakened immune systems — such as people living with HIV — are particularly vulnerable and may suffer more severe or persistent symptoms.
Sometimes, overuse of anti-diarrhoeal medication without proper diagnosis can mask underlying problems. This can delay treatment and allow conditions to worsen.
Preventing complications requires quick response, proper hydration, and medical guidance when symptoms don’t improve. With timely care and awareness, most people recover fully and avoid long-term effects.
