Complications of Ectopic Pregnancy
The complications of ectopic pregnancy can be life-threatening if the condition is not diagnosed and treated promptly. Because ectopic pregnancy grows in places not designed to support it—usually the fallopian tube—it can lead to rupture, internal bleeding, and long-term reproductive damage.
The most serious complication is tubal rupture. As the pregnancy grows, the narrow fallopian tube stretches and eventually tears. This causes severe internal bleeding, sharp abdominal pain, and signs of shock such as dizziness, rapid heartbeat, or fainting. A ruptured ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency and requires immediate surgery.
Internal bleeding can be life-threatening if not managed quickly. In areas where emergency care is delayed or unavailable, women may die from blood loss before reaching hospital. This is a major concern in parts of South Africa where rural communities are far from health facilities.
Future fertility issues may arise after an ectopic pregnancy, especially if the affected fallopian tube has to be removed. Women who have had one ectopic pregnancy are also at higher risk of another. However, many women still conceive naturally, particularly if the other fallopian tube is healthy.
Other complications include:
Infection after surgery
Emotional trauma or grief
Post-operative adhesions (scar tissue that can affect fertility)
Side effects from methotrexate, such as fatigue or gastrointestinal issues
The psychological impact should not be overlooked. Many women experience shock, sadness, anxiety, or guilt after learning they had an ectopic pregnancy. Support from healthcare providers, partners, and counsellors can help process these emotions and promote healing.
Complications of Ectopic Pregnancy
If ectopic pregnancy is not completely resolved, residual tissue can continue to grow or cause complications. This is why follow-up monitoring—particularly of hCG levels—is essential. Falling hormone levels confirm that the pregnancy has been fully treated.
In South Africa, a lack of public awareness about ectopic pregnancy often contributes to late diagnosis. Women may ignore symptoms, attribute them to menstruation or miscarriage, or delay seeking help due to fear or stigma. Health education at clinics and schools can help prevent delayed treatment and improve outcomes.
With early detection and proper care, most complications are avoidable. However, recognising the risks and knowing when to act is key. Addressing the complications of ectopic pregnancy means not only saving lives but also preserving the possibility of future motherhood and emotional well-being.
