Complications of Epiglottitis
The complications of epiglottitis can be severe and life-threatening. Because epiglottitis directly affects the airway, the greatest risk is complete blockage, which can result in death within hours. With early diagnosis and modern treatment, however, most complications are preventable.
Airway Obstruction
The most dangerous complication is complete airway blockage. Swelling of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues can seal off the windpipe entirely, making it impossible to breathe. This is why securing the airway is the top priority in all suspected cases.
Without rapid intervention, respiratory arrest can occur—particularly in children, whose airways are smaller and more easily blocked.
Respiratory Failure
If the airway is not opened quickly enough, oxygen levels in the body may drop dangerously. This can lead to:
Confusion or unconsciousness
Brain injury due to lack of oxygen
Cardiac arrest
Spread of Infection
In untreated or advanced cases, the infection may spread beyond the epiglottis to nearby areas, leading to:
Pneumonia
Abscess formation in the neck or chest
Bacteraemia (bacteria in the bloodstream)
Sepsis, a life-threatening body-wide response to infection
Prompt antibiotic treatment greatly reduces the risk of these complications.
Long-Term Issues After Recovery
Most people recover fully from epiglottitis with no lasting effects. However, complications during treatment—especially prolonged intubation or tracheostomy—can occasionally result in:
Hoarseness or voice changes
Scarring of the throat or windpipe
Emotional trauma, especially in children who undergo emergency procedures
Follow-up with a paediatrician or ENT specialist may be advised to monitor for any long-term concerns.
Complications of Epiglottitis In South Africa
In South Africa, delayed treatment or lack of emergency airway access increases the risk of complications. Children in rural areas face greater risk when doctors misdiagnose their symptoms as flu or croup. Strengthening training for clinic staff, ensuring vaccine coverage, and improving referral systems can help reduce poor outcomes.
The complications of epiglottitis are largely preventable. With rapid medical care and proper follow-up, doctors can help most patients recover completely and save lives even in emergency scenarios.
