Complications of Genital Warts
The complications of genital warts are generally mild in physically healthy individuals, especially when the condition is diagnosed early and treated properly. However, when left untreated or in individuals with weakened immune systems, genital warts can lead to physical discomfort, psychological distress, and, in rare cases, an increased risk of certain cancers due to HPV exposure.
Being informed about potential complications empowers people to take preventative measures and seek timely treatment.
Physical Complications
1. Discomfort and Irritation
While many warts are painless, some cause:
Itching or burning, especially when in moist or friction-prone areas
Bleeding, particularly if scratched or irritated during sex or hygiene routines
Pain during intercourse or urination, especially if warts are internal or large
These symptoms can significantly impact daily comfort, sexual health, and intimate relationships.
2. Spread of Warts
Genital warts can multiply and spread to:
Nearby skin through autoinoculation (self-transmission)
Additional sites, such as the anus, thighs, or perineum
A partner, particularly if no protection is used during sexual activity
Recurrent or untreated infections are more likely to spread or worsen over time.
3. Obstruction or Urethral Involvement
In rare cases, large or clustered warts can:
Obstruct the urethra, causing pain or difficulty urinating
Block the vaginal canal or anal passage, requiring surgical removal
Lead to secondary infections if hygiene is compromised
These complications are more common in individuals with poor immune function.
Complications in Pregnancy
Pregnant individuals with genital warts may face:
Increased wart growth, due to hormonal changes and immune suppression
Bleeding or discomfort during delivery
Rare risk of transmitting HPV to the baby, leading to a condition called laryngeal papillomatosis, where warts grow in the infant’s throat
To manage these risks:
Regular prenatal monitoring is advised
Treatment may be delayed until after delivery unless warts are large or obstructive
In cases of severe genital warts at term, a Caesarean section may be recommended
HPV itself does not cause miscarriage or birth defects, but physical complications of warts may influence the mode of delivery.
Psychological and Social Impact
The emotional toll of genital warts is often underestimated. Individuals may experience:
Shame or guilt, especially when diagnosed in a monogamous relationship
Fear of rejection or disclosure anxiety
Reduced self-esteem or sexual confidence
Isolation, due to avoiding intimacy or social interactions
These psychological effects can persist long after warts are treated. Counselling and support from healthcare providers, mental health professionals, or peer networks can make a significant difference in recovery.
Stigma and Misinformation
Genital warts, like many STIs, are surrounded by myths and stigma. Common misconceptions include:
Believing they only affect promiscuous individuals
Assuming they indicate poor hygiene
Fearing they make someone unworthy of a healthy relationship
These beliefs are harmful and inaccurate. HPV is extremely common, and most people will be exposed at some point. With open dialogue and education, stigma can be challenged, and individuals can move forward with confidence.
Risk of Cancer
While genital warts are caused by low-risk HPV types (usually 6 and 11), infection with high-risk HPV strains may occur simultaneously. These high-risk types are linked to:
Cervical cancer
Anal cancer
Penile and vulvar cancer
Throat cancer (oropharyngeal cancer)
This is why regular smear tests (Pap tests), HPV testing, and visual checks remain essential, particularly for women and individuals with HIV.
HPV vaccination helps protect against both low-risk wart-causing types and high-risk cancer-causing types, making it an effective long-term preventive measure.
Long-Term Management and Prevention
To avoid complications:
Follow through with treatment plans until warts are fully resolved
Attend regular check-ups and HPV screening, especially for women
Practise safer sex and use condoms consistently
Limit alcohol and quit smoking, which weakens the immune system
Consider HPV vaccination if eligible
In most cases, genital warts do not recur after two years, and many people eventually clear the virus entirely from their bodies.
When to Seek Help with Complications of Genital Warts
Consult a healthcare provider if:
Warts are growing, spreading, or painful
You’re pregnant and notice any genital growths
You’re experiencing distress, fear, or avoidance behaviours
You want reassurance about your symptoms or your partner’s diagnosis
Preventing the complications of genital warts requires medical care, open conversations, and accurate education. With early treatment, supportive guidance, and a compassionate approach, individuals can regain control over their health and confidence.
