Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
Diagnosis of cervical cancer begins with abnormal findings on a routine screening test, followed by further evaluation to confirm the presence and stage of the disease. Early diagnosis drastically improves treatment outcomes and survival rates.
1. Cervical Screening (Pap Smear and HPV Test)
Routine cervical screening is the first line of defence. In South Africa and many other countries, women aged 25–65 are encouraged to have regular Pap smears. These tests detect abnormal cells before they become cancerous.
An HPV test checks for the presence of high-risk strains of the virus that cause most cervical cancers. Combined Pap/HPV testing increases accuracy.
2. Colposcopy | Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
If abnormal cells are found, the next step is usually a colposcopy. This is a simple outpatient procedure where a specialist uses a microscope to examine the cervix more closely. A mild vinegar solution highlights abnormal areas.
If anything concerning is seen, a biopsy is taken — a small sample of tissue sent to a lab to check for cancer cells.
3. Imaging Tests
If cancer is confirmed, imaging helps determine how far it has spread (staging):
- MRI or CT scans: To assess the pelvis and abdomen
- Chest X-rays: To check for lung spread
- PET scans: In more advanced cases, to detect distant metastases
4. Blood Tests
While no blood test can diagnose cervical cancer directly, general blood work helps assess organ function and prepare for treatment.
5. Staging | Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
Staging ranges from Stage 0 (pre-cancer) to Stage IV (cancer has spread). Knowing the stage helps guide treatment choices and provides insight into prognosis.
Prompt diagnosis of cervical cancer allows for early treatment, often before symptoms ever develop. That’s why screening, follow-up, and good gynaecological care are so important for every woman’s health.
[Next: Treatment of Cervical Cancer →]
