Dysentery
Dysentery is an intestinal infection that causes severe diarrhoea with the presence of blood and mucus. Most cases of this condition are caused by bacteria or parasites. Furthermore, the condition can spread quickly through contaminated food, water, or poor sanitation. It is especially common in areas with inadequate access to clean drinking water and basic hygiene facilities.
The primary symptom is bloody diarrhoea, often accompanied by stomach cramps, fever, and a constant feeling of needing to pass stool, even when the bowel is empty. Dysentery can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening dehydration, particularly in children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.
There are two main types: bacillary and amoebic. Bacillary dysentery is usually caused by Shigella bacteria, while amoebic dysentery results from infection by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Both types are spread through the faecal-oral route, which means they can be contracted by consuming contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with infected faeces.
In South Africa, this disease is more common in informal settlements and rural areas where clean water and sanitation are limited. Outbreaks may also occur after floods or in overcrowded places like refugee camps, where hygiene is difficult to maintain.
Dysentery
Globally, the World Health Organization classifies dysentery as a major public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It contributes significantly to child mortality rates due to dehydration and related complications. However, with timely treatment, most people recover fully.
Early recognition of dysentery and access to clean water, oral rehydration solutions, and medical treatment can prevent serious illness and death. Public education, improved sanitation, and safe food handling are key to long-term prevention.
