Endocarditis
Endocarditis is a serious infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, known as the endocardium. This condition is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and attaching to damaged areas of the heart. This condition can be life-threatening if not treated quickly and appropriately.
Although it is rare in healthy individuals, it poses a significant risk to those with artificial heart valves, congenital heart defects, or a history of heart disease. The infection can damage or destroy heart valves and lead to complications such as stroke, heart failure, or the spread of infection to other organs.
There are two main types of endocarditis:
Acute endocarditis – develops suddenly and progresses rapidly
Subacute (or chronic) endocarditis – develops more slowly and may cause milder symptoms over time
The most common cause is a bacterial infection—known as infective endocarditis—but fungal infections and, rarely, autoimmune responses can also play a role.
Endocarditis
In South Africa, people living with rheumatic heart disease, HIV, and those who use intravenous drugs are at higher risk. Poor dental hygiene and untreated infections also increase susceptibility, especially where healthcare access is limited.
Early symptoms can be vague, such as fever, fatigue, and muscle aches. However, if untreated, the condition can escalate quickly. Prompt recognition and hospital care are essential for a full recovery.
Understanding this is vital for recognising heart-related infections and preventing severe complications, particularly in high-risk groups.
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