Laryngeal (larynx) cancer is a type of head and neck cancer affecting the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx is in the throat and plays a vital role in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the airway during swallowing. When abnormal cells grow uncontrollably here, they form malignant tumours, causing laryngeal (larynx) cancer. This disease can affect speech, swallowing, and breathing, depending on the tumour’s size and location.
The larynx has three parts: the supraglottis (above the vocal cords), the glottis (which contains the vocal cords), and the subglottis (below the vocal cords leading to the windpipe). Cancer most commonly starts in the glottis, but tumours can arise anywhere in the larynx. The cancer’s type and site affect symptoms and treatment choices.
Most laryngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. These begin in the flat cells lining the larynx. These cancers often grow slowly, allowing early detection—especially when the vocal cords are involved. Voice changes prompt many patients to seek help. Tumours in the supraglottic or subglottic areas may go unnoticed longer, which can delay diagnosis and allow the disease to progress.
Laryngeal cancer is less common than other cancers but remains a major health issue, particularly in older adults, smokers, and heavy drinkers. It is much more common in men than women and usually occurs after age 60. Although rates have dropped in some places due to less smoking, it still affects many, especially where tobacco use remains high.
Early detection is key. When found early, treatments such as radiation or limited surgery can cure the cancer while preserving the voice. Advanced cancers often need more aggressive treatment, including total laryngectomy—the removal of the entire voice box. This procedure significantly changes speech and quality of life.
Symptoms vary by tumour size and site. Persistent hoarseness or voice changes are often the first signs, especially with vocal cord tumours. Other symptoms include sore throat, trouble swallowing, ear pain, neck lumps, and breathing problems. Since these symptoms can mimic common conditions like infections or acid reflux, diagnosis can sometimes be delayed.
Diagnosis involves physical exams, endoscopy to view the larynx, imaging like CT or MRI scans, and biopsy to confirm cancer. Staging determines the extent of spread and guides treatment.
Managing laryngeal cancer involves a team of specialists: ENT doctors, oncologists, speech therapists, and nutritionists. Treatment may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a mix of these. Rehabilitation is critical, especially for patients with speech or swallowing difficulties after surgery.
The outlook depends on cancer stage. Early cancers confined to the larynx often have good survival rates. Once cancer spreads to nearby tissues or lymph nodes, risks of recurrence and complications increase. Lifestyle factors like ongoing smoking or drinking after treatment can worsen outcomes and raise the chance of new cancers.
Laryngeal cancer also brings psychological and social challenges. Voice loss, visible scars, and speech therapy needs can impact self-esteem and social life. Care must address these emotional effects alongside medical treatment.
In summary, laryngeal (larynx) cancer is a serious but often treatable disease when caught early. It affects vital functions like speaking, breathing, and swallowing, so early diagnosis and personalised care are essential. Advances in surgery, radiation, and rehabilitation help many patients recover well and maintain quality of life. Raising awareness of early symptoms and encouraging prompt medical evaluation are key to improving outcomes.
