Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis typically develop quickly and can become severe within hours. Because diabetic ketoacidosis affects multiple body systems, its symptoms span from gastrointestinal discomfort to altered mental status. Early recognition of these symptoms is essential to prevent serious complications and ensure timely treatment.
Early Symptoms
Excessive thirst and frequent urination are often the first signs
As ketone levels rise, the body attempts to flush out excess sugar through urine, leading to dehydration
Individuals may also experience dry mouth, weakness, and fatigue
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Nausea and vomiting are common and can contribute to further fluid loss
Abdominal pain or cramping may be present, especially in children
Loss of appetite often accompanies these symptoms
Respiratory Changes
As acidosis worsens, the body attempts to correct pH levels by altering breathing
Individuals may begin breathing more rapidly and deeply (known as Kussmaul respirations)
This distinctive breathing pattern is a critical clinical clue
Fruity Breath Odour
One hallmark symptom is a sweet or fruity-smelling breath, caused by the presence of acetone (a type of ketone) in exhaled air
Neurological Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
As the condition progresses, mental status changes may occur:
Confusion
Agitation or irritability
Drowsiness or loss of consciousness
If untreated, this can advance to coma and become life-threatening
Signs of Shock
Severe DKA may result in low blood pressure and fast heart rate
Cold, clammy skin and weak pulse are signs of impending shock
When to Seek Emergency Care
Any combination of vomiting, abdominal pain, altered breathing, and confusion should be treated as a medical emergency
Blood or urine ketone test kits can help confirm elevated ketone levels at home
In summary, symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis progress quickly and should never be ignored. Recognising these red flags allows for immediate medical intervention, which is vital to prevent permanent damage or death.
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