Symptoms of Frostbite
The symptoms of frostbite develop in stages, beginning with cold, numb skin and progressing to deep tissue injury. Frostbite often affects fingers, toes, ears, cheeks, and the nose first. Recognising early symptoms is critical for reversing the damage before it becomes severe or permanent.
Early Stage (Frostnip)
Cold, tingling, or stinging sensation in the affected area
Skin appears pale, white, or red, depending on the stage
Numbness sets in, reducing awareness of further cold exposure
Skin feels firm to the touch but remains soft underneath
Frostnip does not cause permanent damage and can be reversed by gentle rewarming.
Superficial Frostbite
The skin becomes white, waxy, or greyish-yellow
Affected area may remain numb or develop a burning or aching sensation
Skin feels hard or frozen, but deeper tissues remain soft
Blisters may form a few hours after rewarming
Swelling and redness may occur as blood flow returns
At this stage, prompt treatment can still prevent permanent tissue loss.
Deep Frostbite
Involves full-thickness skin and underlying tissues
Skin turns blue, purple, or black, indicating tissue death
Complete numbness – the person may not feel pain or pressure at all
Joints and muscles may stop functioning properly
Large blisters, blood-filled or clear, develop within 24–48 hours of thawing
This level of frostbite requires urgent medical attention and may lead to permanent damage or amputation if not treated.
After Rewarming
Once the affected area is warmed:
Throbbing, intense pain often returns as nerves reactivate
Skin may peel, blister, or become discoloured
Sensitivity to cold can persist long after healing
Long-term effects may include nerve damage or chronic pain
Warning Signs of Serious Frostbite
Seek medical help if:
Skin remains numb, hard, or pale after rewarming
Blisters develop
Pain is severe or worsening
Black or purple patches appear, indicating possible tissue death
Symptoms of Frostbite
Recognising the symptoms of frostbite early gives the best chance for full recovery and prevents irreversible tissue injury.
