Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis
The symptoms of glomerulonephritis can vary significantly depending on the type, cause, and progression of the disease. Some people experience sudden and severe symptoms, while others live for years without noticing anything abnormal. In many cases, glomerulonephritis is only diagnosed during routine blood or urine tests. This is why awareness of early warning signs is so important, especially for those with known risk factors.
The disease may present acutely—with a rapid onset of noticeable symptoms—or chronically, with subtle signs that appear gradually. In both forms, the underlying issue is inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filters in the kidneys responsible for removing waste and excess fluid from the blood.
Early Signs and Subtle Symptoms
In the early stages, symptoms may be non-specific or mild, making diagnosis difficult without targeted testing. Common early indicators include:
Foamy or bubbly urine – a sign of proteinuria (protein in the urine)
Dark, tea-coloured, or red urine – may indicate haematuria (blood in the urine)
Puffiness around the eyes, especially in the morning
Mild swelling in the ankles, feet, or hands
These signs are often overlooked or mistaken for temporary water retention or urinary tract infections.
Symptoms of Acute Glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis often appears suddenly and can be more dramatic in its presentation. This form is more common in children and young adults and may follow an infection like strep throat.
Symptoms may include:
Swelling (oedema) in the face, particularly around the eyes, as well as in the legs and feet
Reduced urine output, even with normal fluid intake
High blood pressure, sometimes severe
Headaches and blurred vision, due to elevated blood pressure
Shortness of breath, especially if fluid builds up in the lungs
Fatigue and lethargy, caused by retained waste products in the blood (uraemia)
In many cases, acute glomerulonephritis resolves on its own with supportive care. However, in severe cases, it may progress rapidly and require hospitalisation.
Symptoms of Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis develops slowly over time, often without noticeable symptoms in the early stages. Many people are unaware they have the condition until significant kidney damage has already occurred.
Symptoms may include:
Persistent proteinuria or haematuria, detected through routine urine tests
Gradual swelling, particularly in the lower limbs
Long-standing high blood pressure that does not respond well to treatment
Unexplained weight gain, due to fluid retention
Nausea and loss of appetite
Itching and dry skin, especially in later stages
Muscle cramps or twitching, caused by electrolyte imbalances
Difficulty concentrating or mental confusion in advanced cases
These symptoms may worsen as kidney function declines, eventually leading to signs of chronic kidney disease or renal failure.
Nephrotic Syndrome as a Symptom Complex
Some types of glomerulonephritis, such as minimal change disease and membranous nephropathy, can lead to nephrotic syndrome, a distinct clinical presentation characterised by:
Heavy proteinuria (more than 3.5 grams per day)
Low blood albumin levels (hypoalbuminaemia)
Severe oedema, particularly in the face, abdomen, and legs
High cholesterol levels
This syndrome is often associated with significant fatigue, increased risk of infections, and a tendency for blood clots.
Red Flag Symptoms That Require Urgent Attention
While glomerulonephritis is often manageable, certain symptoms should prompt immediate medical attention:
Sudden swelling and rapid weight gain
Severe high blood pressure or headaches
Visible blood in the urine
Marked decrease in urination
Difficulty breathing or chest discomfort
These signs could indicate acute kidney injury, pulmonary oedema, or hypertensive emergencies—all of which need urgent intervention.
Paediatric Symptoms
In children, symptoms may be similar to adults but may also include:
Irritability or changes in behaviour
Bedwetting or reduced daytime urination
Loss of appetite or slower growth
Because young children cannot always articulate their symptoms, parental vigilance and routine paediatric check-ups play a crucial role in early detection.
How Symptoms Relate to Disease Progression
| Stage of Glomerulonephritis | Typical Symptoms |
| Early | Fatigue, foamy urine, subtle swelling |
| Moderate | Hypertension, visible haematuria, oedema |
| Advanced | Nausea, mental confusion, shortness of breath |
| End-stage renal disease | Little or no urine, severe swelling, systemic symptoms |
Conclusion | Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis
The symptoms of glomerulonephritis can be mild and easy to miss or severe and life-altering. Understanding these symptoms, especially when they occur gradually, allows for earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment. For those with known risk factors, routine screening can detect problems before irreversible damage occurs, offering the best chance at long-term kidney health.
