Complications of Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis can be rapidly fatal if not treated in time. Even when treated, complications of anaphylaxis can arise from the reaction itself or the treatment process.
Immediate Complications
- Shock
- A sudden drop in blood pressure can cause organ failure
- Airway obstruction
- Swelling in the throat or tongue may block airflow
- Cardiac arrest
- Caused by severe hypotension or hypoxia
- Biphasic reaction
- Symptoms return hours after initial recovery, even without new exposure
Long-Term Effects
- Anxiety and fear of recurrence
- Avoidance behaviour (e.g. fear of restaurants, travel)
- Post-traumatic stress, especially in children or those with severe reactions
Impact on Daily Life
- Need for constant vigilance regarding food labels, environments, or medications
- Carrying an adrenaline auto-injector at all times
- Informing schools, employers, and caregivers about risk and response plans
Prevention Strategies
- Identify and avoid triggers
- Allergy testing and professional guidance
- Carry an emergency kit
- Including adrenaline auto-injector, antihistamines, and a written action plan
- Medical alert bracelets
- Especially helpful in emergencies
- Vaccination and desensitisation
- Allergen immunotherapy may help some patients (e.g. insect venom allergy)
Public Health Note
In South Africa, more awareness and access to lifesaving adrenaline treatment is needed in schools, clinics, and emergency services. Education for families, teachers, and healthcare workers is essential.
With proper management and preparation, most people with anaphylaxis can live full, active lives.
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