Anaphylaxis Overview
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs suddenly and affects multiple body systems — including the skin, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal tract. Without immediate treatment, this can quickly lead to shock, respiratory failure, and even death.
This medical emergency usually develops within minutes of exposure to an allergen but can occasionally occur hours later. In South Africa and worldwide, anaphylaxis is increasingly recognised due to rising rates of allergies — especially to food, medications, and insect stings.
Common triggers include:
- Foods – especially peanuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, and tree nuts
- Medications – such as antibiotics (e.g. penicillin), anaesthetics, or NSAIDs
- Insect stings – bees, wasps, or hornets
- Latex
- Exercise – sometimes triggered by specific foods combined with physical activity
This can happen to anyone, but those with a history of allergies, asthma, or previous anaphylactic episodes are at higher risk.
Warning signs of anaphylaxis:
- Sudden drop in blood pressure
- Difficulty breathing or wheezing
- Swelling of the face, lips, throat, or tongue
- Rapid heartbeat
- Hives or rash
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea
- Feeling faint or collapsing
This requires immediate emergency treatment, usually with an injection of adrenaline (epinephrine). Delay in treatment can be fatal.
In the next section, we’ll explore the causes and risk factors behind this life-threatening condition.