Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease focuses on relieving symptoms, slowing disease progression, preventing complications, and improving quality of life. Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is irreversible, a combination of medications, therapies, and lifestyle changes can significantly improve daily function and outcomes.
1. Smoking Cessation
The most important step in managing COPD is quitting smoking. Stopping smoking slows lung function decline and improves response to medication. Behavioural therapy, nicotine replacement, and prescription medications can help with cessation.
2. Bronchodilators
These medications relax the muscles around the airways, making breathing easier. They are usually inhaled and include:
- Short-acting bronchodilators (e.g. salbutamol) for quick relief
- Long-acting bronchodilators (e.g. tiotropium, salmeterol) for maintenance therapy
3. Inhaled Corticosteroids
Used in combination with bronchodilators, corticosteroids reduce airway inflammation and the frequency of exacerbations. They are not usually prescribed alone due to potential side effects.
4. Combination Inhalers
Many patients benefit from inhalers that combine two or more medications, such as long-acting bronchodilators and steroids, for convenience and enhanced effect.
5. Pulmonary Rehabilitation
A supervised programme of exercise, education, and breathing techniques improves lung efficiency, muscle strength, and confidence in managing symptoms. It can greatly reduce hospital admissions and fatigue.
6. Oxygen Therapy
For patients with chronically low blood oxygen levels, supplemental oxygen improves survival and quality of life. It may be used continuously or only during exertion or sleep.
7. Vaccinations | Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines help prevent infections that can cause severe flare-ups or hospitalisation.
8. Surgical Options
In selected patients with severe emphysema, surgery may be considered. This includes lung volume reduction surgery or, rarely, lung transplantation in younger individuals with end-stage disease.
Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is most effective when it includes lifestyle modification, medication adherence, and regular follow-up. Education and support empower patients to manage their symptoms and stay active.
[Next: Complications and Recovery from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease →]
