Causes of Compartment Syndrome
Causes of compartment syndrome differ depending on whether the condition is acute or chronic. In both types, however, the underlying mechanism is an increase in pressure within a closed muscle compartment that compromises blood flow and tissue function. Compartment syndrome often arises from injury, but it can also occur without direct trauma in specific scenarios.
Acute Compartment Syndrome | Causes of Compartment Syndrome
Acute compartment syndrome usually results from trauma and is considered a surgical emergency. The most common causes include:
Fractures: Particularly of the tibia or forearm, these account for a large percentage of acute cases.
Crush injuries: Accidents involving heavy machinery or falls can cause internal bleeding and swelling.
Severe bruising or haemorrhage: Bleeding inside the compartment from torn blood vessels increases pressure.
Burns: The skin acts as a rigid boundary; swelling underneath it can cause rapid pressure build-up.
Constrictive bandages or casts: Tight dressings can increase compartment pressure if not applied correctly.
Reperfusion injury: After restoring blood flow to a limb that was previously deprived of oxygen, sudden swelling may occur, triggering the condition.
Chronic (Exertional) Compartment Syndrome
This form usually affects athletes and occurs during repetitive exercise. Triggers include:
Running or cycling: Continuous use of lower limb muscles causes swelling during activity.
Overuse injuries: High-intensity or prolonged physical activity causes muscle expansion in compartments with limited capacity.
Improper footwear or biomechanics: These may alter muscle workload and aggravate symptoms.
Chronic compartment syndrome often presents with recurring pain, tightness, and muscle weakness during exercise, which subsides with rest.
Other Contributing Factors | Causes of Compartment Syndrome
Certain medical conditions and external factors can also contribute to developing compartment syndrome:
Blood clotting disorders
Use of anticoagulant medications
High-pressure intravenous infusions or injections
Recognising the causes of compartment syndrome helps clinicians assess at-risk individuals more effectively. Whether caused by trauma or repetitive activity, prompt diagnosis and intervention are key to preventing irreversible tissue damage.
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