Causes of Calluses
Causes of calluses revolve around repetitive friction, pressure, or irritation of the skin. When subjected to mechanical stress, the skin thickens and becomes tough as a defence mechanism. Over time, these hardened patches form into calluses, helping to shield underlying tissues from damage. While this response is protective, it may become problematic if the thickened skin continues to build or becomes painful.
Footwear and Foot Mechanics
Wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes is one of the leading causes of calluses. High heels, narrow toe boxes, or shoes without sufficient cushioning put excessive pressure on the balls of the feet, heels, and toes. Walking barefoot or in shoes with hard soles also increases the risk of callus formation.
Foot abnormalities, such as bunions, flat feet, or high arches, alter weight distribution during walking, concentrating pressure on specific areas. This imbalance encourages callus development on pressure points, particularly on the soles.
Physical Activity | Causes of Calluses
Individuals who are physically active, especially those who run, hike, or stand for long periods, are more prone to developing calluses. Activities that repeatedly stress the feet or hands—such as climbing, rowing, or lifting weights—also create ideal conditions for callus formation.
Manual work or repetitive hand use, such as gardening, carpentry, or playing string instruments, can cause calluses on the palms and fingers. The constant gripping and rubbing leads to hardened patches over time.
Lack of Moisture or Skin Protection
Dry skin is more susceptible to developing calluses. When the outer layer lacks moisture, it becomes more prone to thickening. Wearing shoes without socks, using poorly padded gloves, or skipping moisturiser can exacerbate this problem.
Underlying Medical Conditions
Health issues that alter gait, foot structure, or sensation—such as diabetes or arthritis—may increase callus formation. People with peripheral neuropathy may not feel the pressure or pain of developing calluses, allowing them to grow unchecked.
In conclusion, causes of calluses include ill-fitting footwear, repetitive activity, dry skin, and anatomical issues. Identifying and addressing these causes is essential for both prevention and long-term management.
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