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Health Conditions

Find information on various health conditions affecting people of all ages. This category covers causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management options for physical illnesses and chronic diseases. Get insights to help you understand different health challenges and make informed decisions about your wellbeing.

X-ray of a broken collarbone with red arrow highlighting the fracture area

Symptoms of a Broken Collarbone

Broken Collarbone, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of a Broken Collarbone Symptoms of a Broken Collarbone often develop instantly after trauma and are usually severe enough to restrict normal arm movement. The most common symptoms of a broken collarbone include sharp shoulder pain, swelling, bruising, a noticeable bump, and an inability to lift the arm. These signs typically appear immediately following the injury and can be very distressing. Pain is the most immediate symptom. It usually begins at the time of the fall or impact and worsens when trying to move the arm, lift objects, or lie on the injured side. The pain may radiate toward the neck or shoulder blade and may worsen with breathing or coughing. Swelling and bruising appear quickly at the site of the break. These may spread across the upper chest and shoulder area within hours. The affected area often feels warm and sensitive to the touch. Deformity is another clear sign. In many cases, a lump or visible bump appears along the clavicle where the bone has broken and shifted. If the fracture is displaced, the shoulder may also droop or appear shortened compared to the uninjured side. Restricted movement is a hallmark symptom. Patients with a broken collarbone often support their arm with the opposite hand or cradle it close to the body. Attempting to lift the arm or rotate the shoulder usually causes sharp pain. Symptoms of a Broken Collarbone Grinding or crackling sensations may also be felt when moving the shoulder. This is due to the broken bone ends rubbing against each other and is a strong indicator that the clavicle has fractured. In severe or open fractures, the bone may press against or break through the skin. These cases are medical emergencies and carry a higher risk of infection and vascular or nerve damage. Children may present differently, often refusing to use the arm or expressing discomfort through crying or fussiness. A change in shoulder position, mood, or sleep habits may be a clue for parents. Recognising the symptoms of a broken collarbone early helps ensure proper diagnosis and care. If you suspect a clavicle fracture, immobilise the arm and seek medical attention immediately. [Next: Diagnosis of a Broken Collarbone →]

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Medical illustration showing the anatomy of a shoulder joint and clavicle for fracture diagnosis

Diagnosis of a Broken Collarbone

Broken Collarbone, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of a Broken Collarbone Diagnosis of a Broken Collarbone is typically straightforward and based on clinical signs and imaging tests. Accurate diagnosis of a broken collarbone ensures proper treatment. Furthermore, reduces the chance of complications like malunion, nerve damage, or long-term shoulder dysfunction. The diagnostic process begins with a physical exam. A healthcare professional will ask how the injury occurred and assess the shoulder. For swelling, bruising, deformity, and tenderness along the collarbone. They may gently palpate the area to locate the break and test the range of motion. Even when movement is usually limited due to pain. In most cases, an X-ray is sufficient to confirm the fracture. It helps determine whether the break is simple, displaced, or comminuted (broken into multiple pieces). X-rays also reveal whether the fracture is located in the middle, outer, or inner third of the clavicle — which affects treatment decisions. For complex or suspected joint-related injuries, a CT scan may be ordered to provide a more detailed view. This is especially useful when surgical repair is being considered. MRI scans are rarely needed for clavicle fractures unless there’s concern about soft tissue, ligament, or nerve damage. Diagnosis of a Broken Collarbone Neurovascular assessment is also part of the diagnostic protocol. The doctor will check for sensation and circulation in the arm and fingers to ensure no nerves or blood vessels have been compromised by the broken bone. In children and adolescents, special care is taken due to the presence of growth plates. X-rays help differentiate between fractures and normal developmental anatomy, and treatment is tailored to allow continued healthy bone development. In South Africa, access to imaging varies depending on the healthcare facility. While private clinics offer rapid diagnostics, some public hospitals may experience delays. Regardless, any suspected clavicle fracture should be stabilised with a sling and examined as soon as possible. A quick and accurate diagnosis of a broken collarbone allows doctors to make informed decisions about surgery, casting, or physiotherapy, significantly improving the chances of full recovery. [Next: Treatment of a Broken Collarbone →]

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Physiotherapist applying kinesiology tape to a woman's shoulder for collarbone treatment

Treatment of a Broken Collarbone

Broken Collarbone, Health Conditions /

Treatment of a Broken Collarbone Treatment of a Broken Collarbone depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as the patient’s age, activity level, and general health. The goal of treatment of a broken collarbone is to relieve pain, stabilise the fracture, and restore full shoulder function with minimal long-term effects. Most clavicle fractures are treated non-surgically. If the bones are well-aligned and the skin is intact, a simple arm sling or figure-of-eight brace is used to immobilise the area. This allows the bone to heal naturally over a period of six to eight weeks. Pain is managed with paracetamol or anti-inflammatory medications, and patients are advised to rest the affected arm. Displaced or comminuted fractures may require surgery. Surgical treatment involves repositioning the bones and securing them using plates, screws, or rods. This ensures stability, especially in active individuals or when the break interferes with normal shoulder alignment. Treatment of a Broken Collarbone Open fractures or those with neurovascular involvement are always managed surgically due to the higher risk of complications. Surgery also has a faster recovery time in some cases, particularly for athletes or those needing a quicker return to physical work. Children usually recover well without surgery. Their bones remodel as they grow, so even slightly displaced fractures often heal perfectly with immobilisation alone. Teenagers and adults, especially those with demanding physical routines, may benefit more from surgical precision. After immobilisation or surgery, physiotherapy plays a vital role. A structured programme of stretching, strengthening, and mobility exercises helps restore full shoulder function and prevent stiffness or frozen shoulder. In South Africa, public hospitals treat most clavicle fractures conservatively unless surgery is clearly indicated. In private care, patients may have faster access to surgical options if required. With correct treatment of a broken collarbone, most people recover fully within two to three months. Complications are rare but may include infection, hardware irritation, or poor bone healing if post-operative care is not followed correctly. [Next: Complications and Recovery from a Broken Collarbone →]

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Healthcare provider examining a patient's neck and shoulder for collarbone injur

Complications and Recovery from a Broken Collarbone

Broken Collarbone, Health Conditions /

Complications and Recovery from a Broken Collarbone Complications and Recovery from a Broken Collarbone depend on the severity of the fracture, the treatment provided, and how well the patient follows rehabilitation. The most common complications and recovery from a broken collarbone issues include stiffness, malunion, nerve damage, and incomplete return to full shoulder strength. Malunion occurs when the bone heals in a slightly off position. While this may not always affect function, in some cases it leads to visible deformity, shoulder weakness, or discomfort during activity. Severe malunions may require corrective surgery. Nonunion — when the bone fails to heal at all — is less common but more serious. It may cause ongoing pain and reduced movement. This condition often requires surgical repair using bone grafts or internal fixation. Stiffness and loss of mobility can happen if the shoulder is immobilised for too long or if rehabilitation is neglected. Frozen shoulder is a potential complication that can take months to resolve. Early, gentle exercises under professional supervision are crucial for preventing this. Complications and Recovery from a Broken Collarbone Nerve or blood vessel damage may result from displaced bone fragments or during surgery. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, weakness, or a cold, pale arm. While rare, these complications need urgent attention to avoid permanent damage. Infections are possible after open surgery, especially if wound care is poor or the immune system is compromised. Symptoms include redness, fever, pus, or persistent swelling at the incision site. The psychological effects of recovery should not be ignored. Loss of independence, disrupted sleep, and pain can affect mood, especially in those whose livelihoods rely on physical activity. Emotional support and realistic expectations help patients stay motivated during recovery. Healing time ranges from six to twelve weeks, depending on the individual. Children heal faster, while older adults may need more time. Strength and full range of motion may take several additional months to return. Proper management of complications and recovery from a broken collarbone involves timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and consistent follow-up care. With patience and guidance, most people regain full use of their shoulder and return to their normal routines. Back to Overview

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Person holding their injured wrist in pain

Broken Wrist

Broken Wrist, Health Conditions /

Broken Wrist – Overview A broken wrist is a fracture in one or more of the bones that make up the wrist joint, typically the radius, ulna, or carpal bones. A broken wrist most commonly occurs when a person falls onto an outstretched hand, though it can also result from direct trauma, sports injuries, or accidents. In South Africa, wrist fractures are especially common among children, active adults, and the elderly. The wrist includes eight small carpal bones and two long forearm bones. While a fracture can affect any of them, the distal radius—on the thumb side—is the most commonly injured. 4o. Breaks can be simple cracks, displaced fractures where bones shift out of alignment, or comminuted fractures where the bone shatters into multiple pieces. Open fractures, where the bone pierces the skin, are serious and require urgent surgery. Symptoms of a broken wrist include sudden pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, and difficulty moving the hand or wrist. In many cases, the wrist appears deformed or bent at an unnatural angle. A popping sound at the time of injury is also commonly reported. Some people mistake the injury for a sprain, especially if pain is tolerable, but continuing to use the hand can worsen the fracture and delay healing. Broken Wrist Doctors typically diagnose wrist fractures through physical examination and X-rays. In complex or unclear cases, doctors may use CT or MRI scans to assess damage to small bones or ligaments. Treatment depends on the type of fracture and may involve a splint, cast, or surgery. Surgical repair is often necessary if the bones are unstable or misaligned. Recovering from a broken wrist can take anywhere from six to twelve weeks or more. Physiotherapy is often essential to restore mobility, strength, and fine motor skills. Without proper rehabilitation, long-term issues like stiffness, nerve pain, or arthritis can occur. [Next: Causes of a Broken Wrist →]

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Person with elbow injury standing on a sports court

Causes of a Broken Wrist

Broken Wrist, Health Conditions /

Causes of a Broken Wrist Causes of a Broken Wrist usually involve trauma or impact that forces the wrist beyond its natural range of motion. The most common causes of a broken wrist include falling onto an outstretched hand, direct blows during accidents or sports, and repetitive stress injuries. These causes vary by age group, lifestyle, and overall bone health. Falling is the leading cause of wrist fractures. Whether it’s slipping on a wet floor, tripping on stairs, or losing balance during sport, people instinctively use their hands to break a fall. This action places enormous pressure on the wrist bones, particularly the distal radius. Elderly individuals with reduced bone density are at high risk, even from low-impact falls. Sports injuries are another common cause. High-impact or contact sports like rugby, hockey, skateboarding, and snowboarding increase the chance of falling or receiving a direct hit to the wrist. Inadequate protective gear or lack of wrist support increases this risk further. Road traffic accidents also contribute significantly. Drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians involved in collisions may land on their hands or have their wrists compressed or twisted by impact. These fractures are often more complex and may involve multiple bones or joints, requiring surgery. Causes of a Broken Wrist In some cases, a broken wrist results from repetitive stress. Gymnasts, construction workers, and manual labourers who perform repeated wrist movements are prone to stress fractures. These small cracks can worsen over time if the area is not rested or treated properly. Certain medical conditions also make wrist fractures more likely. Osteoporosis, bone cancer, and long-term corticosteroid use can weaken bones, meaning even a minor bump or fall may result in a break. People with these conditions should take extra precautions and seek medical help after any wrist injury, no matter how minor it seems. Understanding the causes of a broken wrist helps individuals make safer choices. Whether by improving balance, using proper sports gear, or strengthening bone health through nutrition and exercise, many wrist fractures can be prevented. [Next: Symptoms of a Broken Wrist →]

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Woman holding wrist in pain due to possible fracture

Symptoms of a Broken Wrist

Broken Wrist, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of a Broken Wrist Symptoms of a Broken Wrist are typically immediate and can vary in severity depending on the nature of the fracture. The most recognisable symptoms of a broken wrist include sudden pain, swelling, bruising, and an inability to use or move the wrist properly. These symptoms often lead individuals to seek emergency care — and for good reason. Pain is usually intense and localised at the point of the break. It tends to worsen with movement or when pressure is applied. Many patients report a sharp or throbbing sensation and may be unable to grip or lift objects. In some cases, the pain radiates up the arm or down into the fingers. Swelling follows soon after injury and may spread across the entire wrist and hand. The area may feel warm or tender to the touch. In addition to swelling, bruising is common — often appearing deep purple, blue, or red — and may take several days to fade. Deformity is another strong indicator of a broken wrist. The hand may appear twisted or bent at an odd angle. When a bone has shifted out of position, this is known as a displaced fracture and may be visibly obvious. In open fractures, bone fragments can pierce the skin, creating a risk of infection. Symptoms of a Broken Wrist Limited movement or complete loss of motion is a key sign. The patient may find it impossible to rotate the wrist, make a fist, or bear any weight on the hand. Even gentle movements may trigger sharp pain, forcing them to immobilise the hand instinctively. Other possible symptoms include numbness, tingling, or cold fingers. These signs may indicate nerve or blood vessel involvement, which can lead to long-term complications if not addressed quickly. If the hand becomes pale, cold, or loses sensation, it should be treated as a medical emergency. Children and elderly patients may not always communicate symptoms clearly. Refusal to use the hand, unexplained crying in children, or favouring one side are all signs that something may be wrong. Recognising the symptoms of a broken wrist early allows for fast medical evaluation and proper treatment, reducing the chance of permanent damage. [Next: Diagnosis of a Broken Wrist →]

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X-ray image showing two human wrists used for diagnosing fractures

Diagnosis of a Broken Wrist

Broken Wrist, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of a Broken Wrist Diagnosis of a Broken Wrist is essential to confirm the type and extent of injury and guide the best course of treatment. The process of diagnosis of a broken wrist involves physical examination, imaging tests, and occasionally advanced scans when standard methods are inconclusive or the fracture is complex. The first step is a clinical assessment. A healthcare provider will ask how the injury occurred, what symptoms were experienced, and whether the patient heard a snap or crack at the time of trauma. They will inspect the wrist for tenderness, deformity, and swelling, and assess the range of motion and grip strength. If a fracture is suspected, an X-ray is the most common diagnostic tool. It reveals whether the break is displaced, stable, or involves multiple fragments. X-rays also show which bone or bones are affected — most commonly the distal radius. However, potentially also the ulna or one of the eight carpal bones. In more complex cases, a CT (computed tomography) scan may be used to obtain a clearer, three-dimensional view. This is especially useful if surgery is being planned or if small bone fragments need to be evaluated in detail. For patients with suspected ligament or tendon involvement. An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may be ordered to assess soft tissue damage. Sometimes, small stress fractures — especially in athletes or people with repetitive strain — may not show up on initial X-rays. In these cases, follow-up imaging or bone scans may be required if symptoms persist. Diagnosis of a Broken Wrist Neurovascular checks are also part of the diagnostic process. These tests determine whether nerves or blood vessels have been compromised, especially in severe or open fractures. A cold, numb, or pulseless hand requires immediate medical attention. In South Africa, patients with access to private care typically receive quicker X-rays and specialist consultations. Those in public healthcare settings may experience delays depending on location and available resources. However, all suspected fractures should be evaluated promptly. A fast and accurate diagnosis of a broken wrist ensures the best outcome. It helps clinicians determine whether conservative treatment is sufficient or whether surgical repair is needed to restore function. [Next: Treatment of a Broken Wrist →]

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Medical professional wrapping a bandage around a patient's broken wrist

Treatment of a Broken Wrist

Broken Wrist, Health Conditions /

Treatment of a Broken Wrist Treatment of a Broken Wrist depends on the type of fracture, the patient’s age and activity level, and whether the bones are stable or displaced. The primary goal of treatment of a broken wrist is to realign the bones, immobilise the area, and promote healing while minimising the risk of stiffness or long-term complications. For non-displaced or stable fractures, the most common treatment is immobilisation using a plaster cast or fibreglass splint. These devices hold the bones in place while they heal, typically over a period of four to six weeks. Patients are advised to keep the wrist elevated and use ice to manage swelling and pain. When bones are misaligned, a doctor may perform a closed reduction — manually repositioning the bones under local or general anaesthesia — before applying a cast. Follow-up X-rays are taken to ensure that alignment is maintained throughout healing. Surgical treatment becomes necessary if the fracture is unstable, involves joint surfaces, or if bones cannot be aligned properly without hardware. Surgery typically involves inserting metal plates, pins, or screws to stabilise the fracture internally. In open fractures, surgery also involves cleaning the wound to prevent infection. In children, wrist bones heal quickly and often remodel over time, so casting is usually sufficient. Adults and elderly patients may need longer immobilisation, and surgery is more common due to bone fragility or joint involvement. Treatment of a Broken Wrist Once the initial healing phase ends, physiotherapy begins. A professional will guide the patient through exercises to restore range of motion, grip strength, and flexibility. Adherence to rehab is essential for regaining full wrist function. Access to timely treatment of a broken wrist varies in South Africa. While private healthcare typically ensures rapid intervention, public hospital patients may face longer wait times, especially for non-emergency surgeries. Regardless of the setting, early treatment significantly improves outcomes. Delays or improper healing can result in permanent pain, stiffness, or decreased hand function. [Next: Complications and Recovery from a Broken Wrist →]

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Person adjusting wrist brace after a broken wrist injury

Complications and Recovery from a Broken Wrist

Broken Wrist, Health Conditions /

Complications and Recovery from a Broken Wrist Complications and Recovery from a Broken Wrist depend on the severity of the injury, the quality of treatment, and the patient’s adherence to rehabilitation. While most people heal well, the most common complications and recovery from a broken wrist issues involve stiffness, pain, nerve damage, arthritis, and prolonged loss of function. Joint stiffness is by far the most frequent complication. Immobilisation, while essential for healing, often leads to reduced flexibility and motion in the wrist and fingers. This is particularly true for older adults and people who delay physiotherapy. Regular exercises under professional supervision can greatly improve recovery. Pain and swelling may persist for weeks or even months after the cast is removed. In some cases, chronic pain develops if healing is incomplete or if the bones remain slightly misaligned. This can affect hand strength and limit everyday tasks. Malunion (bones healing in the wrong position) or nonunion (failure of the bones to heal) are more serious complications. These may require corrective surgery and significantly extend recovery time. Malunion may result in visible deformity or altered wrist function. Nerve or vascular damage is possible in high-impact or open fractures. Symptoms like numbness, tingling, cold fingers, or colour changes in the skin should be monitored closely. In rare cases, permanent nerve damage can affect grip strength or dexterity. Complications and Recovery from a Broken Wrist Post-traumatic arthritis can develop months or years after the injury, particularly if the joint surface was involved in the fracture. This may cause stiffness, aching, and reduced wrist mobility during cold weather or heavy use. Recovery time for a broken wrist varies. Children may heal in four to six weeks. Adults usually require six to twelve weeks, and those who undergo surgery may take longer. Full strength may take several additional months to return. Support during recovery — both physically and emotionally — is important. Pain, dependency, and limited use of the dominant hand can affect mood and independence. With guidance, encouragement, and persistence, most patients regain full use of their wrist. Managing complications and recovery from a broken wrist begins with early intervention and continues through every phase of rehabilitation. With proper care, long-term function and mobility are fully achievable. Back to Overview

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