Causes and Risk Factors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
The exact cause of ALL remains largely unknown, but research points to genetic mutations and environmental exposures as contributing factors.
Causes
ALL begins when a DNA mutation occurs in a single lymphoid stem cell in the bone marrow. This abnormality causes the cell to multiply uncontrollably and fail to mature. The exact trigger for this mutation isn’t always clear, but several associations have been identified.
Risk Factors
1. Age and Gender
- Most cases occur in children under age 5
- Second peak in adults over 50
- Slightly more common in males
2. Genetic Conditions
- Down syndrome
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- Neurofibromatosis
- Fanconi anaemia
3. Radiation and Chemical Exposure
- High-dose radiation exposure (e.g. nuclear accidents)
- Previous cancer treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy)
- Benzene exposure (industrial solvents, found in fuel)
4. Infections and Viruses
- Possible links to viruses like Epstein-Barr, but no proven causation
Causes and Risk Factors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia.
In South Africa, urban pollution, informal industry exposure, and limited antenatal testing for genetic disorders may increase the risk but remain underreported.
Importantly, ALL is not contagious and most cases arise without any known cause. For affected families, understanding the unpredictable nature of ALL can help reduce stigma and guilt.
🔹 Next → [Symptoms and Warning Signs of ALL]
Complications and Recovery Outlook of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
