Causes and Risk Factors of BDD
The exact cause of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is not fully understood. Like many mental health conditions, BDD is believed to develop from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Genetics, upbringing, trauma, and societal pressure all play a role. Ready more about the causes and risk factors of BDD below.
1. Biological factors
- Brain structure and function may be different in people with BDD, especially in areas related to visual processing and emotional regulation.
- Serotonin imbalances in the brain may contribute to obsessive and compulsive thinking patterns, similar to OCD.
2. Genetic predisposition
- People with a family history of anxiety, OCD, or depression may be more likely to develop BDD.
- Certain inherited traits, such as perfectionism or hypersensitivity, may also increase vulnerability.
3. Psychological factors
- Low self-esteem, perfectionism, and a strong internal critic often lay the groundwork for distorted self-image.
- People who have experienced bullying, teasing, or criticism about their appearance (especially in childhood or adolescence) are at higher risk.
4. Environmental and social influences
- Exposure to unrealistic beauty standards via media, social platforms, and advertising fuels comparison and dissatisfaction.
- In the South African context, Westernised beauty ideals, colourism, and social media pressure can intensify these insecurities.
- Influencers, filters, and photo editing apps may further distort what is considered “normal” or “attractive.”
5. Trauma and abuse
- Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse — particularly involving body shaming — may trigger or worsen BDD.
- Even single incidents of public embarrassment related to appearance can lead to long-lasting distress in sensitive individuals.
6. Co-occurring conditions
- BDD often occurs alongside:
- Anxiety disorders
- Major depressive disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa or bulimia
Causes and Risk Factors of BDD
Many people with BDD are not aware they have a treatable condition. They may believe their concerns are valid and seek help from dermatologists or cosmetic surgeons instead of mental health professionals.
Early recognition and intervention are key to improving long-term outcomes.
👉 [Next: Diagnosis and Recognition of BDD]
