Causes and Risk Factors of Breast Abscess
The causes and risk factors of breast abscess are primarily linked to bacterial infection, particularly during or after breastfeeding. However, a number of other underlying factors can contribute to the development of this painful condition. Recognising the causes and risk factors enables women and healthcare providers to act swiftly and reduce complications.
Common Causes:
- Bacterial infection
The most common cause is a bacterial infection, usually from Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteria enter through cracked or damaged skin, often around the nipple. - Mastitis progression
Untreated mastitis — inflammation of breast tissue — can evolve into a more severe infection. Therefore, it forms a pocket of pus (abscess). - Blocked milk ducts
Incomplete milk drainage or infrequent breastfeeding can cause blockages, creating a favourable environment for infection.
Risk Factors of breast abscess:
- Breastfeeding challenges
Women who are nursing — particularly first-time mothers — may struggle with latch issues, milk stasis, and nipple trauma, all of which increase infection risk. - Smoking
Smoking impairs the body’s immune response and has been linked to non-lactational breast infections, especially in younger women. - Diabetes and immune suppression
People with weakened immune systems, including those with diabetes or HIV, are more susceptible to infections that may lead to breast abscess formation. - Nipple piercings or trauma
These can introduce bacteria into the breast tissue, even in non-lactating individuals. - Previous breast abscess or mastitis
A history of similar infections raises the risk of recurrence, particularly if underlying issues weren’t fully resolved.
In South Africa, the causes and risk factors of breast abscess are sometimes exacerbated by lack of access to lactation consultants. As well as delayed treatment due to stigma. Community health education and early screening during antenatal and postnatal care can help mitigate risks.
Understanding the causes and risk factors is the first step toward prevention, early recognition, and effective treatment.
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