Causes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are mainly related to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases that damage the lungs. While smoking remains the most significant risk factor, other causes contribute to the global burden of thisdisease, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
1. Smoking Tobacco
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Around 85–90% of cases are linked to current or past tobacco use. The harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke inflame and destroy lung tissue, causing irreversible damage to airways and alveoli. Smoking cigars, pipes, and even marijuana can also contribute to COPD.
2. Exposure to Air Pollutants
Long-term exposure to air pollution, especially fine particulate matter from vehicles or industrial sources, increases the risk of developing COPD. Indoor pollution from biomass fuel used for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated homes is a major contributor in many countries.
3. Occupational Hazards
Jobs involving exposure to dust, vapours, chemicals, or fumes (e.g. in mining, construction, and agriculture) have been associated with a higher incidence of COPD. Prolonged inhalation of these substances irritates and inflames the lungs.
4. Genetic Factors
A rare inherited condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency affects the production of a protein that protects the lungs from damage. Individuals with this condition may develop COPD at a younger age, even if they have never smoked. Genetic predisposition may also make some smokers more vulnerable to lung damage than others.
5. Respiratory Infections
Repeated lung infections during childhood, especially in early years, may contribute to the development of COPD later in life. Infections can impair lung growth and resilience, increasing susceptibility to damage from pollutants or smoking.
6. Ageing and Gender | Causes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
While not direct causes, ageing increases vulnerability to COPD due to natural decline in lung function. Men were historically more affected, but rates in women are rising, partly due to increased smoking among females and biological susceptibility to smoke-related damage.
Understanding the causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease helps guide prevention efforts. Avoiding smoking, limiting exposure to pollutants, and identifying those with genetic risk can all reduce incidence. Public health interventions targeting indoor air quality and occupational safety are also vital.
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