Causes of Frostbite
The causes of frostbite involve the freezing of skin and deeper tissues due to exposure to very cold or windy conditions. Frostbite sets in when the body is unable to keep extremities warm, resulting in reduced blood flow and ice crystal formation within the cells, which leads to tissue damage.
Cold Temperature Exposure
Ambient temperatures below 0°C (32°F) can cause frostbite, particularly when combined with wind
Wind chill accelerates heat loss from exposed skin, making it easier for frostbite to develop
Even at temperatures just below freezing, prolonged exposure can cause frostbite, especially if skin is wet or uncovered
High-Risk Environments
Frostbite is more likely in:
Mountainous areas with extreme cold and wind
Open water conditions, such as sailing or ice fishing
Arctic or Antarctic expeditions
Conflict zones or refugee situations where people are exposed without proper shelter
Wet Skin and Inadequate Clothing
Wearing wet gloves or socks, or tight-fitting clothes that restrict circulation, increases frostbite risk
Poorly insulated footwear or exposed skin in cold air can lead to rapid heat loss
Sweat-soaked clothes in freezing temperatures can freeze and draw more heat away from the body
Medical and Lifestyle Factors
Certain conditions and behaviours increase susceptibility:
Diabetes or circulatory problems
Smoking, which constricts blood vessels
Alcohol use, which impairs heat regulation and decision-making
Exhaustion or dehydration, reducing the body’s ability to generate heat
Prolonged Exposure
Even in temperatures around -1 to -5°C, frostbite may occur after a few hours of exposure. In colder conditions, it can take only minutes for frostbite to begin, especially with high winds or if skin is wet.
Situational Triggers
Getting lost while hiking in winter
Falling asleep outdoors while intoxicated
Vehicle breakdowns in remote, snowy areas
Accidents during winter sports without prompt rescue
Causes of Frostbite
Understanding the causes of frostbite helps people take preventive steps—such as layering clothing, staying dry, and limiting exposure to extreme cold.
