Chiari Malformation – Overview
Chiari malformation is a structural defect in the base of the skull that causes brain tissue to extend into the spinal canal. Specifically, the lower part of the brain known as the cerebellum pushes down through the foramen magnum — the opening at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain. This condition can interfere with the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and put pressure on the brain and spinal cord.
There are several types, with Type I being the most common and often discovered incidentally during scans for unrelated issues. It may remain asymptomatic or present later in life. Type II, also known as Arnold-Chiari malformation, is more severe and usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood. Less common types (Types III and IV) are more serious and often associated with other neurological abnormalities.
Chiari Malformation
Symptoms vary widely. Some people have no symptoms, while others may experience headaches, balance issues, numbness, muscle weakness, and coordination problems. In more severe cases, it may lead to difficulties with swallowing, vision problems, or even sleep apnoea.
The condition may be congenital (present from birth) or acquired later in life due to trauma, spinal fluid drainage problems, or infection. This condition can occur alone or alongside other disorders like syringomyelia (a fluid-filled cyst in the spinal cord), scoliosis, or hydrocephalus.
Although this condition is rare, awareness is increasing due to improved imaging techniques like MRI. Diagnosis is often confirmed with brain scans, and treatment depends on symptom severity — ranging from regular monitoring to surgical decompression.
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